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| 1 | Insight-HXMT observations of the first binary neutron star merger GW170817显示文摘Finding the electromagnetic(EM) counterpart of binary compact star merger, especially the binary neutron star(BNS) merger,is critically important for gravitational wave(GW) astronomy, cosmology and fundamental physics. On Aug. 17, 2017,Advanced LIGO and Fermi/GBM independently triggered the first BNS merger, GW170817, and its high energy EM counterpart,GRB 170817 A, respectively, resulting in a global observation campaign covering gamma-ray, X-ray, UV, optical, IR, radio as well as neutrinos. The High Energy X-ray telescope(HE) onboard Insight-HXMT(Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope) is the unique high-energy gamma-ray telescope that monitored the entire GW localization area and especially the optical counterpart(SSS17 a/AT2017 gfo) with very large collection area(~1000 cm^2) and microsecond time resolution in 0.2-5 MeV. In addition,Insight-HXMT quickly implemented a Target of Opportunity(ToO) observation to scan the GW localization area for potential X-ray emission from the GW source. Although Insight-HXMT did not detect any significant high energy(0.2-5 MeV) radiation from GW170817, its observation helped to confirm the unexpected weak and soft nature of GRB 170817 A. Meanwhile,Insight-HXMT/HE provides one of the most stringent constraints(~10^(-7) to 10^(-6) erg/cm^2/s) for both GRB170817 A and any other possible precursor or extended emissions in 0.2-5 MeV, which help us to better understand the properties of EM radiation from this BNS merger. Therefore the observation of Insight-HXMT constitutes an important chapter in the full context of multi-wavelength and multi-messenger observation of this historical GW event. | TiPei Li ShaoLin Xiong ShuangNan Zhang FangJun Lu LiMing Song XueLei Cao Zhi Chang Gang Chen Li Chen TianXiang Chen Yong Chen YiBao Chen YuPeng Chen Wei Cui WeiWei Cui JingKang Deng YongWei Dong YuanYuan Du MinXue Fu GuanHua Gao He Gao Min Gao MingYu Ge YuDong Gu Ju Guan ChengCheng Guo DaWei Han Wei Hu Yue Huang Jia Huo ShuMei Jia LuHua Jiang WeiChun Jiang Jing Jin YongJie Jin Bing Li ChengKui Li Gang Li MaoShun Li Wei Li Xian Li XiaoBo Li XuFang Li YanGuo Li ZiJian Li ZhengWei Li XiaoHua Liang JinYuan Liao CongZhan Liu GuoQing Liu HongWei Liu ShaoZhen Liu XiaoJing Liu Yuan Liu YiNong Liu Bo Lu XueFeng Lu Tao Luo Xiang Ma Bin Meng Yi Nang JianYin Nie Ge OU JinLu Qu Na Sai Liang Sun Yin Tan Lian Tao WenHui Tao YouLi Tuo GuoFeng Wang HuanYu Wang Juan Wang WenShuai Wang YuSa Wang XiangYang Wen BoBing WU Mei Wu GuangCheng Xiao He Xu YuPeng Xu LinLi Yan JiaWei Yang Sheng Yang YanJi Yang AiMei Zhang ChunLei Zhang ChengMo Zhang Fan Zhang HongMei Zhang Juan Zhang Qiang Zhang Shu Zhang Tong Zhang Wei Zhang WanChang Zhang WenZhao Zhang Yi Zhang Yue Zhang YiFei Zhang YongJie Zhang Zhao Zhang ZiLiang Zhang HaiSheng Zhao JianLing Zhao XiaoFan Zhao ShiJie Zheng Yue Zhu YuXuan Zhu ChangLin Zou | 2018 | Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy)2018,61,3: | 12 |
| 2 | The Medium Energy X-ray telescope (ME) onboard the Insight-HXMT astronomy satellite显示文摘The Medium Energy X-ray telescope(ME) is one of the three main telescopes on board the Insight hard X-ray modulation telescope(Insight-HXMT) astronomy satellite. ME contains 1728 pixels of Si-PIN detectors sensitive in 5-30 ke V with a total geometrical area of 952 cm^2. The application specific integrated circuit(ASIC) chip, VA32TA6, is used to achieve low power consumption and low readout noise. The collimators define three kinds of field of views(FOVs) for the telescope, 1°×4°, 4°×4°,and blocked ones. Combination of such FOVs can be used to estimate the in-orbit X-ray and particle background components.The energy resolution of ME is ~3 ke V at 17.8 ke V(FWHM) and the time resolution is 255 μs. In this paper, we introduce the design and performance of ME. | XueLei Cao WeiChun Jiang Bin Meng WanChang Zhang Tao Luo Sheng Yang ChunLei Zhang YuDong Gu Liang Sun XiaoJing Liu JiaWei Yang Xian Li Ying Tan ShaoZhen Liu YuanYuan Du FangJun Lu YuPeng Xu Ju Guan ShuangNan Zhang HuanYu Wang TiPei Li ChengMo Zhang XiangYang Wen JinLu Qu LiMing Song XiaoBo Li MingYu Ge YuPeng Zhou ShaoLin Xiong Shu Zhang YongJie Zhang ZeHao Cheng Fei Zhang MaoShun Li XiaoHua Liang Min Gao EnBo Yang XiaoHang Liu HongWei Liu YiJung Yang Fan Zhang | 2020 | Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy)2020,63,4: | 5 |
| 3 | Monitoring recent changes in snow cover in Central Asia using improved MODIS snow-cover products显示文摘Snow cover plays an important role in the fields of climatology and cryospheric science. Remotely-sensed data have been proven to be effective in monitoring snow covers. Improved methods to process the 8-day snow-cover products derived from MODIS Terra/Aqua data can dramatically increase the data quality and reduce noise. A five-step algorithm for removing cloud effects was designed to improve the quality of MODIS snow products, and the overall accuracy of the MODIS snow data without cloud(defined as cloud-free snow-cover dataset) was enhanced by more than 90% based on direct and indirect validation methods. The snow-cover frequency(SCF) and snow-cover rate(SCR) of Central Asia were analyzed from 2000 to 2015 using trend analysis and empirical orthogonal functions(EOFs). Over the plain regions, the SCF displayed a significant north-south declining trend with a rate of 0.03 per degree of latitude, and the SCR showed a similar north-south gradient. In the mountainous areas, the SCF significantly increased with altitude by 0.12 per kilometer. Within the study area, the SCF in 65% of the study area experienced an increasing trend, but only 4.3% of the SCF-increasing pixels passed a significance test. The remaining 35% of the area underwent a decreasing trend of SCF, but only 5.2% of the SCF-decreasing pixels passed a significance test. For the entire Central Asia, the inter-annual variations of snow-cover presented a slight and insignificant increase trend from 2000 to 2015. However, the change trends of snow cover are different between the plain and mountainous regions. That is, the annual mean SCR in the plain areas displayed an increasing trend, but a decreasing trend was found in the mountainous areas. | LIU Jinping ZHANG Wanchang LIU Tie | 2017 | Journal of Arid Land2017,9,5: | 4 |
| 4 | Mapping favorable groundwater potential recharge zones using a GIS-based analytical hierarchical process and probability frequency ratio model:A case study from an agro-urban region of Pakistan显示文摘In Punjab(Pakistan),the increasing population and expansion of land use for agriculture have severely exploited the regional groundwater resources.Intensive pumping has resulted in a rapid decline in the level of the water table as well as its quality.Better management practices and artificial recharge are needed for the development of sustainable groundwater resources.This study proposes a methodology to delineate favorable groundwater potential recharge zones(FPRI)by integrating maps of groundwater potential recharge index(PRI)with the DRASTIC-based groundwater vulnerability index(VI).In order to evaluate both indexes,different thematic layers corresponding to each index were overlaid in ArcGIS.In the overlay analysis,the weights(for various thematic layers)and rating values(for sub-classes)were allocated based on a review of published literature.Both were then normalized and modified using the analytical hierarchical process(AHP)and a frequency ratio model respectively.After evaluating PRI and FPRI,these maps were validated using the area under the curve(AUC)method.The PRI map indicates that 53%of the area assessed exists in very low to low recharge zones,22%in moderate,and 25%in high to excellent potential recharge zones.The VI map indicates that 38%of the area assessed exists in very low to low vulnerability,33%in moderate,and 29%in high to very high vulnerability zones.The FPRI map shows that the central region of Punjab is moderately-to-highly favorable for recharge due to its low vulnerability and high recharge potential.During the validation process,it was found that the AUC estimated with modified weights and rating values was 79%and 67%,for PRI and VI indexes,respectively.The AUC was less when evaluated using original weights and rating values taken from published literature.Maps of favorable groundwater potential recharge zones are helpful for planning and implementation of wells and hydraulic structures in this region. | Arfan Arshad Zhijie Zhang Wanchang Zhang Adil Dilawar | 2020 | Geoscience Frontiers2020,11,5: | 3 |
| 5 | Cleaning of South African coal using a compound dry cleaning apparatus显示文摘复合干燥清洗原则简短被描述。南非的煤上的 beneficiation 测试用模型混合物被进行干燥清洗仪器。优秀结果被获得,操作参数的最佳是坚定的。他们是:3.0 公里, 47.5 Hz 的马达频率, 50% 的空气体积, 7 掳的一个横向的角度,和一个纵的角度的一个振幅 ? 2 掳。这些条件产出包含 11% 灰和 75% 的煤生产的干净的煤。器官的效率,畏,是 95.86% 。这些结果证明南非的煤能被复合干燥清洗有效地分开,它将推广复合干燥清洗方法。 | Li Haibin Luo Zhenfu Zhao Yuemin Wu Wanchang Zhang Cuiyu Dai Ningning | 2011 | Mining Science and Technology2011,21,1: | 3 |
| 6 | Coupling numerical simulation with remotely sensed information for the study of frozen soil dynamics显示文摘The acquisition of spatial-temporal information of frozen soil is fundamental for the study of frozen soil dynamics and its feedback to climate change in cold regions.With advancement of remote sensing and better understanding of frozen soil dynamics,discrimination of freeze and thaw status of surface soil based on passive microwave remote sensing and numerical simulation of frozen soil processes under water and heat transfer principles provides valuable means for regional and global frozen soil dynamic monitoring and systematic spatial-temporal responses to global change.However,as an important data source of frozen soil processes,remotely sensed information has not yet been fully utilized in the numerical simulation of frozen soil processes.Although great progress has been made in remote sensing and frozen soil physics,yet few frozen soil research has been done on the application of remotely sensed information in association with the numerical model for frozen soil process studies.In the present study,a distributed numerical model for frozen soil dynamic studies based on coupled water-heat transferring theory in association with remotely sensed frozen soil datasets was developed.In order to reduce the uncertainty of the simulation,the remotely sensed frozen soil information was used to monitor and modify relevant parameters in the process of model simulation.The remotely sensed information and numerically simulated spatial-temporal frozen soil processes were validated by in-situ field observations in cold regions near the town of Naqu on the East-Central Tibetan Plateau.The results suggest that the overall accuracy of the algorithm for discriminating freeze and thaw status of surface soil based on passive microwave remote sensing was more than 95%.These results provided an accurate initial freeze and thaw status of surface soil for coupling and calibrating the numerical model of this study.The numerically simulated frozen soil processes demonstrated good performance of the distributed numerical model based on the coupled water-heat transferring theory.The relatively larger uncertainties of the numerical model were found in alternating periods between freezing and thawing of surface soil.The average accuracy increased by about 5%after integrating remotely sensed information on the surface soil.The simulation accuracy was significantly improved,especially in transition periods between freezing and thawing of the surface soil. | HuiRan Gao WanChang Zhang | 2020 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2020,12,6: | 2 |
| 7 | Overview to the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (Insight-HXMT) Satellite显示文摘As China’s first X-ray astronomical satellite, the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT), which was dubbed as Insight-HXMT after the launch on June 15, 2017, is a wide-band(1-250 ke V) slat-collimator-based X-ray astronomy satellite with the capability of all-sky monitoring in 0.2-3 Me V. It was designed to perform pointing, scanning and gamma-ray burst(GRB)observations and, based on the Direct Demodulation Method (DDM), the image of the scanned sky region can be reconstructed.Here we give an overview of the mission and its progresses, including payload, core sciences, ground calibration/facility, ground segment, data archive, software, in-orbit performance, calibration, background model, observations and some preliminary results. | Shuang-Nan Zhang TiPei Li FangJun Lu LiMing Song YuPeng X u CongZhan Liu Yong Chen XueLei Cao QingCui Bu Zhi Chang Gang Chen Li Chen TianXiang Chen YiBao Chen YuPeng Chen Wei Cui WeiWei Cui JingKang Deng YongWei Dong Yuan Yuan Du MinXue Fu GuanHua Gao He Gao Min Gao MingYu Ge YuDong Gu Ju Guan Can Gungor ChengCheng Guo DaWei Han Wei Hu Yue Huang Jia Huo ShuMei Jia LuHua Jiang WeiChun Jiang Jing Jin YongJie Jin Bing Li ChengKui Li Gang Li MaoShun Li Wei Li Xian Li XiaoBo Li XuFang Li YanGuo Li ZiJian Li ZhengWei Li XiaoHua Liang JinYuan Liao GuoQing Liu HongWei Liu ShaoZhen Liu XiaoJing Liu Yuan Liu YiNong Liu Bo Lu XueFeng Lu Tao Luo Xiang Ma Bin Meng Yi Nang JianYin Nie Ge Ou JinLu Qu Na Sai RenCheng Shang GuoHong Shen Liang Sun Ying Tan Lian Tao YouLi Tuo Chen Wang ChunQin Wang GuoFeng Wang HuanYu Wang Juan Wang WenShuai Wang YuSa Wang XiangYang Wen BaiYang Wu BoBing Wu Mei Wu GuangCheng Xiao ShaoLin Xiong LinLi Yan JiaWei Yang Sheng Yang YanJi Yang QiBin Yi Bin Yuan AiMei Zhang ChunLei Zhang ChengMo Zhang Fan Zhang HongMei Zhang Juan Zhang Qiang Zhang ShenYi Zhangs Shu Zhang Tong Zhang WanChang Zhang Wei Zhang WenZhao Zhang Yi Zhang YiFei Zhang YongJie Zhang Yue Zhang Zhao Zhang Zhi Zhang ZiLiang Zhang HaiSheng Zhao XiaoFan Zhao ShiJie Zheng JianFeng Zhou YuXuan Zhu Yue Zhu RenLin Zhuang | 2020 | Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy)2020,63,4: | 2 |
| 8 | Rainfall-runoff simulation using the VIC-3L model over the Heihe River mountainous basin, China显示文摘 | Zhao Dengzhong Zhang Wanchang | 2005 | C eoseienee and Remote Sensing Symposium2005,6,: | 1 |
| 9 | A monthly stream flow model for estimating the potential changes of river runoff on the projected global warming显示文摘 | Zhang Wanchang Ogawa K Ye Baisheng | 2000 | Hydrological Processes2000,14,10: | 1 |
| 10 | Evaluation of the pre-procesing of the remotely sensed data on the actual evaporation,surface soil moisture mapping by an approach using Landsat,DEM and meteorological data显示文摘 | ZHANG Wanchang Yamaguichi Y Ogaw K | 2002 | Geocarto Inter2002,15,4: | 1 |
| 11 | Separating the impacts of climate variability,land-use change and large reservoir operations on streamflow in the Yangtze River basin,China,using a hydrological modeling approach显示文摘Separating the individual effects of climate variability and human activities on streamflow is more important than just knowing their combined effects.In this paper,using a scenario-based hydrological simulation approach,the streamflow changes caused by climate variability and two different types of human activities(i.e.land-use change and large reservoirs operations)as well as the contribution rates of these three factors over 272 sub-basins in the Yangtze river basin were quantified and compared among 5 different periods(i.e.1988–1992(P1),1993–1997(P2),1998–2002(P3),2003–2007(P4)and 2008–2012(P5)).Results demonstrate that,at the annual scale,climate variability played a leading role in the change in outflow of most sub-basins.With regard to the seasonal variations in discharge at Datong station,climate factors played a predominant role during P1-P2 and P2-P3.Since the Three Gorges Reservoir began operating in 2003,the discharge was enhanced by reservoirs in January-May and reduced by reservoirs in JulyDecember.Reservoir and climate factors codetermined seasonal streamflow change during P3-P4 and P4-P5.Land-use change made the smallest contribution to seasonal discharge fluctuations.This study can support decision-making in regional water resources planning and management. | Ning Nie Wanchang Zhang Min Liu Hao Chen Dengzhong Zhao | 2021 | International Journal of Digital Earth2021,14,2: | 1 |
| 12 | Evaluation of the Effect of Preprocessing of the Remotely Sensed Data on the Actual Evaporation,Surface Soil Moisture Mapping by an Approach Using Landsat,DEM and Meteorological Data显示文摘 | ZHANG Wanchang Yamaguichi Y Ogaw K | 2000 | Geocarto Inter2000,15,4: | 1 |
| 13 | Early flood warning for Linyi watershed by GRAPES/XXT model using TIGGE data显示文摘 | Xu Jingwen Zhang Wanchang Zheng Ziyan | | 0,,01: | 1 |
| 14 | LULC Classification and Topographic Correction of Landsat-7 ETM + Imagery in the Yangjia River Watershed: the Influence of DEM Resolution显示文摘 | Gao Yongnian Zhang Wanchang | 2009 | Sensors2009,9,3: | 1 |
| 15 | Spatial-temporal variability of snow cover over the Amur River Basin inferred from MODIS daily snow products in recent decades显示文摘MODIS snow products MOD10A1\MYD10A1 provided us a unique chance to investigate snow cover as well as its spatial-temporal variability in response to global changes from regional and global perspectives.By means of MODIS snow products MOD10A1\MYD10A1 derived from an extensive area of the Amur River Basin,mainly located in the Northeast part of China,some part in far east area of the former USSR and a minor part in Republic of Mongolia,the reproduced snow datasets after removal of cloud effects covering the whole watershed of the Amur River Basin were generated by using 6 different cloud-effect-removing algorithms.The accuracy of the reproduced snow products was evaluated with the time series of snow depth data observed from 2002 to 2010 within the Chinese part of the basin,and the results suggested that the accuracies for the reproduced monthly mean snow depth datasets derived from 6 different cloud-effect-removing algorithms varied from 82%to 96%,the snow classification accuracies(the harmonic mean of Recall and Precision)was higher than 80%,close to the accuracy of the original snow product under clear sky conditions when snow cover was stably accumulated.By using the reproduced snow product dataset with the best validated cloud-effect-removing algorithm newly proposed,spatial-temporal variability of snow coverage fraction(SCF),the date when snow cover started to accumulate(SCS)as well as the date when being melted off(SCM)in the Amur River Basin from 2002 to 2016 were investigated.The results indicated that the SCF characterized the significant spatial heterogeneity tended to be higher towards East and North but lower toward West and South over the Amur River Basin.The inter-annual variations of SCF showed an insignificant increase in general with slight fluctuations in majority part of the basin.Both SCS and SCM tended to be slightly linear varied and the inter-annual differences were obvious.In addition,a clear decreasing trend in snow cover is observed in the region.Trend analysis(at 10%significance level)showed that 71%of areas between 2,000 and 2,380 m a.s.l.experienced a reduction in duration and coverage of annual snow cover.Moreover,a severe snow cover reduction during recent years with sharp fluctuations was investigated.Overall spatial-temporal variability of Both SCS and SCM tended to coincide with that of SCF over the basin in general. | XiaoLin Lu WanChang Zhang ShuHang Wang Bo Zhang QuanFu Niu JinPing Liu Hao Chen HuiRan Gao | 2020 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2020,12,6: | 1 |
| 16 | Combining RUSLE model and the vegetation health index to unravel the relationship between soil erosion and droughts in southeastern Tunisia显示文摘Droughts and soil erosion are among the most prominent climatic driven hazards in drylands,leading to detrimental environmental impacts,such as degraded lands,deteriorated ecosystem services and biodiversity,and increased greenhouse gas emissions.In response to the current lack of studies combining drought conditions and soil erosion processes,in this study,we developed a comprehensive Geographic Information System(GIS)-based approach to assess soil erosion and droughts,thereby revealing the relationship between soil erosion and droughts under an arid climate.The vegetation condition index(VCI)and temperature condition index(TCI)derived respectively from the enhanced vegetation index(EVI)MOD13A2 and land surface temperature(LST)MOD11A2 products were combined to generate the vegetation health index(VHI).The VHI has been conceived as an efficient tool to monitor droughts in the Negueb watershed,southeastern Tunisia.The revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE)model was applied to quantitatively estimate soil erosion.The relationship between soil erosion and droughts was investigated through Pearson correlation.Results exhibited that the Negueb watershed experienced recurrent mild to extreme drought during 2000–2016.The average soil erosion rate was determined to be 1.8 t/(hm2•a).The mountainous western part of the watershed was the most vulnerable not only to soil erosion but also to droughts.The slope length and steepness factor was shown to be the most significant controlling parameter driving soil erosion.The relationship between droughts and soil erosion had a positive correlation(r=0.3);however,the correlation was highly varied spatially across the watershed.Drought was linked to soil erosion in the Negueb watershed.The current study provides insight for natural disaster risk assessment,land managers,and stake-holders to apply appropriate management measures to promote sustainable development goals in fragile environments. | Olfa TERWAYET BAYOULI ZHANG Wanchang Houssem TERWAYET BAYOULI | 2023 | Journal of Arid Land2023,15,11: | 1 |
| 17 | LULC classification and topographic correction of land sat-7 ETM+imagery in the Yangjia River Watershed: the influence of DEM resolution 显示文摘 | GAO Yongnian ZHANG Wanchang | 2009 | Sensor2009,9,3: | 1 |
| 18 | Editorial for the special issue in memoriam to Prof.Xie Zichu显示文摘Prof.Xie Zichu passed away on January 25,2020 in Changsha,Hunan Province,China at the age of 83 years old.Being one of the internationally renowned and highly respected glaciologists of China,this issue is dedicated with all respect in memory of him for his life-long effort and contribution to advance studies on glaciology in China.He has undertaken field investigations on glacier mass balance. | ShiYin Liu YongJian Ding ZhongQin Li Jiang Tong YinSheng Zhang JingShi Liu WanChang Zhang Bo Sun Yu Sheng Li Ma ShiQiao Zhou Xin Wang | 2020 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2020,12,6: | 0 |
| 19 | The Comparison of Measurement Methods for Air-Kerma Rate in Narrow-Spectrum Series显示文摘The air-kerma is one of the most important physical quantities in ionizing radiation dosimetry. The measurement of airkerma rate in narrow-spectrum series is the basis to determine the radiation dose at protection level. In this article, the absolute measurement method is used to derive the standard air-kerma rate of the ISO 4037 narrow-spectrum series that ranges from 60 kV to 150 kV by a primary standard ionization chamber,it is used in direct comparison for air kerma. The indirect method is used to obtain the air-kerma rate by a secondary standard transfer ionization chamber named A5 chamber with calibration factors of the corresponding reference qualities. The results are very similar comparing between absolute and indirect methods for air-kerma rate, all the differences are within ±3.3%. | ZHANG Deliang WU Jinjie LAI Wanchang YE Lei | 2018 | Instrumentation2018,5,4: | 0 |
| 20 | Visualization analysis of rainfall-induced landslides hazards based on remote sensing and geographic information system-an overview显示文摘In recent years,RS and GIS technologies have played an increasingly important role in various aspects of rainfall induced landslide research.In order to systematically understand their application situation,this paper extensively used various visualization analysis technologies for in-depth analysis of 1,161 documents collected by the WOS data platform in the past 27 years by combining quantitative and qualitative methods.Then,this article focuses on sub domain analysis from four aspects:landslide detection and monitoring,prediction models,sensitivity mapping,and risk assessment.The study found that the number of literature in thisfield has steadily increased and is expected to continue to rise.This literature review has attracted widespread attention from the academic community,but it challenging to meet research needs.Frequent and effective cooperationis between countries,institutions,and authors is very beneficial for promoting progress in thisfield.The future development direction is a new intelligent hybrid model that integrates multiple research methods.This study can provide researchers in thisfield with the core research force,hot topic evolution,and future development trends of future rainfall-induced landslides and contribute to landslide prevention and control decision-making and achieving the United Nations’sustainable development goals. | Zhengli Yang Heng Lu Zhijie Zhang Chao Liu Ruihua Nie Wanchang Zhang Gang Fan Chen Chen Lei Ma Xiaoai Dai Min Zhang Donghui Zhang | 2023 | International Journal of Digital Earth2023,16,1: | 0 |