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| 1 | R&D and application of voltage sourced converter based high voltage direct current engineering technology in China显示文摘As a new generation of direct current(DC)transmission technology,voltage sourced converter(VSC)based high voltage direct current(HVDC)has been widely developed and applied all over the world.China has also carried out a deep technical research and engineering application in this area,and at present,it has been stepped into a fast growing period.This paper gives a general review over China’s VSC based HVDC in terms of engineering technology,application and future development.It comprehensively analyzes the technical difficulties and future development orientation on the aspects of the main configurations of VSC based HVDC system,topological structures of converters,control and protection technologies,flexible DC cables,converter valve tests,etc.It introduces the applicable fields and current status of China’s VSC based HVDC projects,and analyzes the application trends of VSC based HVDC projects both in China and all over the world according to the development characteristics and demands of future power grids. | Guangfu TANG Zhiyuan HE Hui PANG | 2014 | Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy2014，2，1： | 55 |
| 2 | A DC Current Flow Controller for Meshed Modular Multilevel Converter Multiterminal HVDC Grids显示文摘This paper proposes the design of a novel DC current flow controller(CFC)and evaluates the control performance of balancing and regulating the DC branch currents using the DC CFC in a meshed multi-terminal HVDC(MTDC)grid.The DC CFC consists of two identical full bridge DC-DC converters with the capacitors of the two converters being connected in parallel.The scalability of the DC CFC is easily achievable due to the identical bridge converter topology;the cost of this DC CFC is also relatively low due to its simple physical structure and low voltage ratings.The control performance of the DC CFC is tested on a meshed 3-terminal(3-T)HVDC grid,which is based on modular multilevel converters(MMC).The DC branch current control in the meshed MTDC grid is achieved using the proposed control strategy of the DC CFC,and is verified through case studies on the real-time digital simulator(RTDS). | Na Deng Puyu Wang Xiao-Ping Zhang Guangfu Tang Junzheng Cao | 2015 | CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems2015，1，1： | 41 |
| 3 | Renewable Energy Transmission by HVDC Across the Continent:System Challenges and Opportunities显示文摘Rapid development of renewable energy in China is driving a major shift in the characteristics and control requirements of the electricity grid.Since the best renewable energy resources are far away from load centers in the east and southeast,transmission over long distances is required.Over 20 high-voltage DC(HVDC)transmission lines,with a combined capacity exceeding 150 GW,are in operation or are currently under construction.This rapid expansion of new generation and transmission capacities based on power electronics starts to change the characteristics of the grid,especially in areas where they concentrate,creating new stability problems and operational challenges.New system theories and technologies are required to support the development and operation of a future grid that relies more and more on power electronics.This paper highlights the characteristics of power electronics as used in renewable energy generation and HVDC transmission systems,discusses the impacts of these power-electronics-based assets on grid stability and operational requirements,and identifies opportunities for the development of both new system theories and system technologies to support a national energy policy that emphasizes the use of clean energy. | Jian Sun Mingjie Li Zhigang Zhang Tao Xu Jingbo He Haijiao Wang Guanghui Li | 2017 | CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems2017，3，4： | 43 |
| 4 | Review on the Research and Practice of Deep Learning and Reinforcement Learning in Smart Grids显示文摘Smart grids are the developmental trend of power systems and they have attracted much attention all over the world.Due to their complexities,and the uncertainty of the smart grid and high volume of information being collected,artificial intelligence techniques represent some of the enabling technologies for its future development and success.Owing to the decreasing cost of computing power,the profusion of data,and better algorithms,AI has entered into its new develop-mental stage and AI 2.0 is developing rapidly.Deep learning(DL),reinforcement learning(RL)and their combination-deep reinforcement learning(DRL)are representative methods and relatively mature methods in the family of AI 2.0.This article introduces the concept and status quo of the above three methods,summarizes their potential for application in smart grids,and provides an overview of the research work on their application in smart grids. | Dongxia Zhang Xiaoqing Han Chunyu Deng | 2018 | CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems2018，4，3： | 44 |
| 5 | Review of Key Problems Related to Integrated Energy Distribution Systems显示文摘Integrated energy distribution system(IEDS)is one of the integrated energy and power system forms,which involves electricity/gas/cold/heat and other various energy forms.The energy coupling relationship is close and complex.IEDS is the focus of regional energy internet research and development at home and abroad.Compared with the traditional power distribution system,IEDS through the multi-energy coupling link comprehensive utilization,effectively improve the distribution system economy,safety,reliability,flexibility and toughness,but also to ease the regional energy system environmental pressure.IEDS is an important direction for the future development of energy systems,and its related research and practice on China’s energy system development also has important practical and strategic significance.This paper summarizes the related researches of the IEDS and explores the energy operation characteristics and coupling mechanisms.What’s more,the integrated model of IEDS is summarized.On these bases,this paper discusses and prospects some key issues such as joint planning,optimization control and security analysis,state estimation and situational awareness and generalized demand side management. | Dan Wang Liu Liu Hongjie Jia Weiliang Wang Yunqiang Zhi Zhengji Meng Bingyu Zhou | 2018 | CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems2018，4，2： | 43 |
| 6 | Mechanism of chain propagation for the synthesis of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers显示文摘Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers(PODE)were synthesized from the reaction of paraformaldehyde with dimethoxymethane(DMM)over different acid catalysts at different conditions.Products were found to follow the Schulz-Flory distribution law.The chain propagation proceeds through the insertion of an individual segment of CH2O one by one,while the simultaneous insertion of a few CH2O segments or their assembly is unlikely.Due to the restriction of this law,it is difficult to increase the selectivity to the desired products(e.g.,PODE3 4). | Yupei Zhao Zheng Xu Hui Chen Yuchuan Fu Jianyi Shen | 2013 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2013，22，6： | 36 |
| 7 | MXene-based materials for electrochemical energy storage显示文摘Rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors are widely investigated as the most important electrochemical energy storage devices nowadays due to the booming energy demand for electric vehicles and hand-held electronics. The large surface-area-to-volume ratio and internal surface areas endow two-dimensional(2D) materials with high mobility and high energy density; therefore, 2D materials are very promising candidates for Li ion batteries and supercapacitors with comprehensive investigations. In 2011, a new kind of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, MXene, were successfully obtained from MAX phases. Since then about 20 different kinds of MXene have been prepared. Other precursors besides MAX phases and even other methods such as chemical vapor deposition(CVD) were also applied to prepare MXene, opening new doors for the preparation of new MXene. Their 2D nature and good electronic properties ensure the inherent advantages as electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the development of MXene with emphasis on the applications to electrochemical energy storage. Also, future perspective and challenges of MXene-based materials are briefly discussed regrading electrochemical energy storage. | Xu Zhang Zihe Zhang Zhen Zhou | 2018 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2018，27，1： | 40 |
| 8 | Impact of Grid Connection of Large-Scale Wind Farms on Power System Small-Signal Angular Stability显示文摘The grid connection of a large-scale wind farm could change the load flow/configuration of a power system and introduce dynamic interactions with the synchronous generators(SGs),thus affecting system small-signal angular stability.This paper proposes an approach for the separate examination of the impact of those affecting factors,i.e.,the change of load flow/configuration and dynamic interactions brought about by the grid connection of the wind farm,on power system smallsignal angular stability.Both cases of grid connection of the wind farm,either displacing synchronous generators or being directly added into the power system,are considered.By using the proposed approach,how much the effect of the change of load flow/configuration brought about by the wind farm can be examined,while the degree of impact of the dynamic interaction of the wind farm with the SGs can be investigated separately.Thus,a clearer picture and better understanding of the power system small-signal angular stability as affected by grid connection of the large-scale wind farm can be achieved.An example of the power system with grid connection of a wind farm is presented to demonstrate the proposed approach. | Wenjuan Du Jingtian Bi Tong Wang Haifeng Wang | 2015 | CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems2015，1，2： | 39 |
| 9 | Multi-energy Storage System Model Based on Electricity Heat and Hydrogen Coordinated Optimization for Power Grid Flexibility显示文摘Based on decreasing the flexibility of the power grid through the integration of large-scale renewable energy,a multi-energy storage system architectural model and its coor-dination operational strategy with the same flexibility as in the pumped storage power station and battery energy storage system(BESS)are studied.According to the new energy fluctuation characteristics and the different peak valley parameters in the power grid,this paper proposes a electricity heat hydrogen multi-energy storage system(EHH-MESS)and its coordination and optimization operational model to reduce the curtailment of wind power and photovoltaic(PV)to the power grid and improve the flexibility of the power grid.Finally,this paper studied the simulation model of an energy storage optimization control strategy after the multi-energy storage system is connected to the distribution networks,and analyzed three operational modes of the multi-energy storage system.The simulation results show that the EHH-MESS proposed in this paper has a better power grid regulation flexibility and economy,and can be used to replace the battery energy storage system based on MATLAB. | Yun Teng Zedi Wang Yan Li Qian Ma Qian Hui Shubin Li | 2019 | CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems2019，5，2： | 38 |
| 10 | Coordinated optimal dispatch and market equilibrium of integrated electric power and natural gas networks with P2G embedded显示文摘As power to gas(P2 G) technology gradually matures, the coupling between electricity networks and natural gas networks should ideally evolve synergistically.With the intent of characterizing market behaviors of integrated electric power and natural gas networks(IPGNs)with P2 G facilities, this paper establishes a steady-state model of P2 G and constructs optimal dispatch models of an electricity network and a natural gas network separately. In addition, a concept of slack energy flow(SEF) is proposed as a tool for coordinated optimal dispatch between the two networks. To study how the market pricing mechanism affects coordinated optimal dispatch in an IPGN, a market equilibrium-solving model for an IPGN is constructed according to game theory, with a solution based on the Nikaido-Isoda function. Case studies are conducted on a joint model that combines the modified IEEE 118-node electricity network and the Belgian 20-node gas network.The results show that if the game between an electric power company and a natural gas company reaches market equilibrium, not only can both companies maximize their profits, but also the coordinated operation of the coupling units, i.e., gas turbines and P2 G facilities, will contribute more to renewable energy utilization and carbon emission reduction. | Zexing CHEN Yongjun ZHANG Tianyao JI Zexiang CAI Licheng LI Zhiheng XU | 2018 | Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy2018，6，3： | 37 |
| 11 | Nanostructured energy materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage: A review显示文摘Nanostructured materials have received tremendous interest due to their unique mechanical/electrical properties and overall behavior contributed by the complex synergy of bulk and interfacial properties for efficient and effective energy conversion and storage. The booming development of nanotechnology affords emerging but effective tools in designing advanced energy material. We reviewed the significant progress and dominated nanostructured energy materials in electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, including lithium ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, lithium–oxygen batteries, lithium metal batteries, and supercapacitors. The use of nanostructured electrocatalyst for effective electrocatalysis in oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions for fuel cells and metal–air batteries was also included. The challenges in the undesirable side reactions between electrolytes and electrode due to high electrode/electrolyte contact area, low volumetric energy density of electrode owing to low tap density,and uniform production of complex energy materials in working devices should be overcome to fully demonstrate the advanced energy nanostructures for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. The energy chemistry at the interfaces of nanostructured electrode/electrolyte is highly expected to guide the rational design and full demonstration of energy materials in a working device. | Xueqiang Zhang Xinbing Cheng Qiang Zhang | 2016 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2016，25，6： | 35 |
| 12 | Architecture of Nan'ao Multi-terminal VSC-HVDC System and Its Multi-functional Control显示文摘This paper presents a framework of a multi-terminal HVDC transmission system and its multi-functional control strategy.The framework possesses the basic characteristics of the DC-grid and is suitable in integrating distributed power sources.The paper proposes the first architecture for a multiterminal HVDC transmission system using the VSC technology.Its control strategy offers various functionalities that include controls for operation mode,start-up and shutdown,DC voltage,and station online re-connecting,which are significantly different from the control of point-to-point VSC-HVDC systems.The framework has not only been evaluated in real-time simulation studies,but has also been implemented onsite for the first time via the China Southern Grid's Nan'ao Multi-terminal VSCHVDC(VSC-MTDC)project.This paper gives a brief review of the current research and engineering achievements in this field,which includes four aspects:the architecture of the VSCMTDC system,the structure of the control and protection system,simulation verification tests setting,and the results of real-time hardware in hardware in loop(HIL)simulation studies and onsite tests. | Hong Rao | 2015 | CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems2015，1，1： | 31 |
| 13 | Foreword for the Special Section on AC and DC Ultra High Voltage Technologies显示文摘A LONG with the rapid development of its economy,China is facing serious challenges in energy resources.Coal,hydro,inland wind and solar power are mainly dis-tributed in the West and North of China.However,power demand centers locate in Eastern and Central China.Distance between energy bases and load centers ranges from 800 km to 3000 km.China needs to develop remote and bulk power transmission to optimize power allocation. | Weijiang Chen Xiang Cui | 2015 | CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems2015，1，3： | 31 |
| 14 | Protection Challenges Under Bulk Penetration of Renewable Energy Resources in Power Systems:A Review显示文摘Among different sources of alternate energy,wind and solar are two prominent and promising alternatives to meet the future electricity needs for mankind.Generally,these sources are integrated at the distribution utilities to supply the local distribution customers.If the power generated by these sources is bulk,then they are either integrated at the distribution/transmission level or may be operated in an island mode if feasible.The integration of these renewables in the power network will change the fault level and network topologies.These fault levels are intermittent in nature and existing protection schemes may fail to operate because of their pre-set condition.Therefore,the design and selection of a proper protection scheme is very much essential for reliable control and operation of renewable integrated power systems.Depending upon the level of infeed and location of the renewable integration,the protection requirements are different.For low renewable infeed at the distribution level,the existing relay settings are immune from any small change in the network fault current from new incoming renewables.However,bulk renewable infeed requires modification in the existing protection schemes to accommodate the fault current variation from the incoming renewables.For bulk penetration of the renewable,the requirement of modified/additional protection schemes is unavoidable.Adaptive relaying and non-adaptive relaying schemes are discussed in the literature for protection of power networks,which are experiencing dynamic fault currents and frequent changing network topologies.This article presents a detailed review of protection schemes for renewable integrated power networks which includes distribution,transmission and microgrid systems.The merits and demerits of these protection schemes are also identified in this article for the added interest of the readers.The visible scope of advance protection schemes which may be suitable for providing reliable protection for dynamic fault current networks is also explored. | Vishnuvardhan Telukunta Janmejaya Pradhan Anubha Agrawal Manohar Singh | 2017 | CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems2017，3，4： | 33 |
| 15 | Stability Limitation and Analytical Evaluation of Voltage Droop Controllers for VSC MTDC显示文摘This paper presents a systematic analysis of DC voltage stability of a multi-terminal VSC-HVDC(MTDC)system,with the emphasis on a comparative study of the most ubiquitous droop control configurations.The paper introduces a general framework for the analysis of various droop control configurations employed in MTDC systems.This framework is then used to compare leading droop control configurations in terms of their impact on the relative stability,performance and robustness of the overall MTDC system.A generalized analytical MTDC model that contains detailed models of AC and DC system components is derived.Limitations imposed by DC power flow,DC inductor,cable modeling and AC network impedance on DC system stability are identified.Classical and multivariable frequency response analysis and eigenvalue analysis are applied to open-loop and closed-loop models to compare the stability and robustness of five leading droop controllers,with the focus on feedback signal selection and controller parameterization.This paper also proposes an active stabilizing controller,which takes the form of a modified constant power control,to enhance the controllability and robustness of the DC voltage control. | Wenyuan Wang Mike Barnes Ognjen Marjanovic | 2018 | CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems2018，4，2： | 34 |
| 16 | Deep Reinforcement Learning for Power System Applications: An Overview显示文摘Due to increasing complexity, uncertainty and data dimensions in power systems, conventional methods often meet bottlenecks when attempting to solve decision and control prob- lems. Therefore, data-driven methods toward solving such prob- lems are being extensively studied. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is one of these data-driven methods and is regarded as real artificial intelligence (AI). DRL is a combination of deep learning (DL) and reinforcement learning (RL). This field of research has been applied to solve a wide range of complex sequential decision-making problems, including those in power systems. This paper firstly reviews the basic ideas, models, algorithms and techniques of DRL. Applications in power systems such as energy management, demand response, electricity market, operational control, and others are then considered. In addition, recent advances in DRL including the combination of RL with other classical methods, and the prospect and challenges of applications in power systems are also discussed. | Zidong Zhang Dongxia Zhang Robert C.Qiu | 2020 | CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems2020，6，1： | 32 |
| 17 | Digital Twin Framework and Its Application to Power Grid Online Analysis显示文摘Digital twin(DT)framework is introduced in the context of application for power grid online analysis.In the development process of a new power grid real-time online analysis system,an online analysis digital twin(OADT)has been implemented to realize the new online analysis architecture.The OADT approach is presented and its prominent features are discussed.The presentation,discussion,and performance testing are based on a large-scale grid network model(40K+buses),exported directly from the EMS system of an actual power grid.A plan to apply the OADT approach to digitize power grid dispatching rules is also outlined. | Mike Zhou Jianfeng Yan Donghao Feng | 2019 | CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems2019，5，3： | 34 |
| 18 | Overview of control,integration and energy management of microgrids显示文摘Microgrids are being developed as a building block for future smart grid system.Key issues for the control and operation of microgrid include integration technologies and energy management schemes.This paper presents an overview of grid integration and energy management strategies of microgrids.It covers a review of power electronics interface topologies for different types of distributed generation(DG)units in a microgrid,a discussion of energy management strategies,as well as the DG interfacing converter control schemes.Considering the intermittent nature of many renewable energy based DG units,the ancillary services of DGs using the available interfacing converter rating are also discussed in the paper. | Yunwei LI Farzam NEJABATKHAH | 2014 | Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy2014，2，3： | 34 |
| 19 | Control and protection strategy for MMC MTDC system under converter-side AC fault during converter blocking failure显示文摘This paper investigates a control and protection strategy for a four-terminal modular multilevel converter(MMC)based high-voltage direct current(HVDC)system under a converter-side AC fault.Based on the system operating condition,a control and protection strategy against the fault with normal blocking of the converter is proposed.In practical,applications encountering such a fault,the MMC at the fault side may experience different conditions of blocking failure.The blocking failures may occur on:①the whole converter;②one converter arm;③one sub-module(SM)/several SMs of one converter arm;④other conditions.The phenomenon of the multi-terminal HVDC(MTDC)system following the fault is analyzed under the first three conditions with real-time simulations using the real-time digital simulator(RTDS).Based on the impact of different conditions on the MTDC system,the necessity of utilizing special control and protection is discussed.A special control and protection strategy is proposed for emergency conditions,and its effectiveness is verified by real-time simulation results. | Puyu WANG Xiao-Ping ZHANG Paul F.COVENTRY Zhou LI | 2014 | Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy2014，2，3： | 34 |
| 20 | Research progress on silicon/carbon composite anode materials for lithium-ion battery显示文摘Silicon(Si) has been considered as one of the most promising anode material for the next generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) with high energy densities, due to its high theoretical capacity, abundant availability and environmental friendliness. However, silicon materials with low intrinsic electric and ionic conductivity suffer from huge volume variation during lithiation/delithiation processes leading to the pulverization of Si and subsequently resulting in severe capacity fading of the electrodes. Coupling of Si with carbon(C) realizes a favorable combination of the two materials properties, such as high lithiation capacity of Si and excellent mechanical and conductive properties of C, making silicon/carbon composite(Si/C) ideal candidates for LIBs anodes. In this review, recent progresses of Si/C materials utilized in LIBs are summarized in terms of structural design principles, material synthesis methods, morphological characteristics and electrochemical performances by highlighting the material structures. The mechanisms behind the performance enhancement are also discussed. Moreover, other factors that affect the performance of Si/C anodes, such as prelithiation, electrolyte additives, and binders, are also discussed. We aim to present a full scope of the Si/C-based anodes, and help understand and design future structures of Si/C anodes in LIBs. | Xiaohui Shen Zhanyuan Tian Ruijuan Fan Le Shao Dapeng Zhang Guolin Cao Liang Kou Yangzhi Bai | 2018 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2018，27，4： | 29 |
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