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| 1 | New generation of multi-scale NWP system (GRAPES):general scientific design显示文摘A new generation of numerical prediction system GRAPES (a short form of Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System) was set up in China Meteorological Administration (CMA). This paper focuses on the scientific design and preliminary results of the numerical prediction model in GRAPES, including basic idea and strategy of the general scientific design, multi-scale dynamic core, physical package configuration, architecture and parallelization of the codes. A series of numerical experiments using the real data with horizontal resolutions from 10 to 280 km and idealized experiments with very high resolution up to 100 m are conducted, giving encouraging results supporting the multi-scale application of GRAPES. The results of operational implementation of GRAPES model in some NWP centers are also presented with stress at evaluations of the capability to predict the main features of precipitation in China. Finally the issues to be dealt with for further development are discussed. | CHEN DeHui XUE JiShan YANG XueSheng ZHANG HongLiang SHEN XueShun HU JiangLin WANG Yu JI LiRen CHEN JiaBin | 2008 | Chinese Science Bulletin2008，53，22： | 70 |
| 2 | Verification of GRAPES unified global and regional numerical weather prediction model dynamic core显示文摘During the past few years, most of the new developed numerical weather prediction models adopt the strategy of multi-scale technique. Therefore, China Meteorological Administration has devoted to developing a new generation of global and regional multi-scale model since 2003. In order to validate the performance of the GRAPES (Global and Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System) model both for its scientific design and program coding, a suite of idealized tests has been proposed and conducted, which includes the density flow test, three-dimensional mountain wave and the cross-polar flow test. The density flow experiment indicates that the dynamic core has the ability to simulate the fine scale nonlinear flow structures and its transient features. While the three-dimensional mountain wave test shows that the model can reproduce the horizontal and vertical propagation of internal gravity waves quite well. Cross-polar flow test demonstrates the rationality of both for the semi-Lagrangian departure point calculation and the discretization of the model near the poles. The real case forecasts reveal that the model has the ability to predict the large-scale weather regimes in summer such as the subtropical high, and to capture the major synoptic patterns in the mid and high latitudes. | YANG XueSheng HU JiangLin CHEN DeHui ZHANG HongLiang SHEN XueShun CHEN JiaBin JI LiRen | 2008 | Chinese Science Bulletin2008，53，22： | 14 |
| 3 | Distinct characteristics and new prognostic scoring system for Chinese patients with Waldenstr(o)m macroglobulinemia显示文摘 | Yi Shuhua Cui Rui Li Zengjun An Gang Qi Junyuan Zou Dehui Zhang Peihong Chen Huishu Wang Jianxiang Chang Hong Qiu Lugui | 2014 | Chinese Medical Journal2014，，12： | 12 |
| 4 | Research and Operational Development of Numerical Weather Prediction in China显示文摘Numerical weather prediction(NWP) is a core technology in weather forecast and disaster mitigation. China’s NWP research and operational applications have been attached great importance by the meteorological community.Fundamental achievements have been made in the theories, methods, and NWP model development in China, which are of certain international impacts. In this paper, the scientific and technological progress of NWP in China since1949 is summarized. The current status and recent progress of the domestically developed NWP system-GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Pr Ediction System) are presented. Through independent research and development in the past 10 years, the operational GRAPES system has been established, which includes both regional and global deterministic and ensemble prediction models, with resolutions of 3-10 km for regional and 25-50 km for global forecasts. Major improvements include establishment of a new non-hydrostatic dynamic core, setup of four-dimensional variational data assimilation, and development of associated satellite application. As members of the GRAPES system, prediction models for atmospheric chemistry and air pollution, tropical cyclones, and ocean waves have also been developed and put into operational use. The GRAPES system has been an important milestone in NWP science and technology in China. | Xueshun SHEN Jianjie WANG Zechun LI Dehui CHEN Jiandong GONG | 2020 | Journal of Meteorological Research2020，34，4： | 12 |
| 5 | The program structure designing and optimizing tests of GRAPES physics显示文摘According to the modularization and standardization of program structure in Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES), the plug-compatible and transplantable regional meso-scale and global middle-range physics software package is established. The package's component integrality is comparative with the other advanced models physics. A three-level structure of connecting GRAPES physics and dynamic frame has been constructed. The friendly interface is designed for users to plug in their own physics packages. Phenomenon of grid-point storm rainfall in numerical prediction is analyzed with the numerical tests. The scheme of air vertical velocity calculation is improved. Optimizing tests of physics schemes are performed with the correlative parameters adjusting. The results show that the false grid-point storm rainfall is removed by precipitation scheme improving. Then the score of precipitation forecast is enhanced. | XU GuoQiang CHEN DeHui XUE JiShan SUN Jian SHEN XueShun SHEN YuanFang HUANG LiPing WU XiangJun ZHANG HongLiang WANG ShiYu | 2008 | Chinese Science Bulletin2008，53，22： | 11 |
| 6 | A new-generation sand and dust storm forecasting system GRAPES_CUACE/Dust:Model development,verification and numerical simulation显示文摘Based on the new-generation Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System(GRAPES) developed by the Numerical Prediction Research Center,China Meteorological Administration and the Chinese Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment for Dust Atmospheric Chemistry Module(CUACE/Dust) developed by the Centre for Atmosphere Watch and Services(CAWAS) of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS) ,the China sand and dust storm forecasting system GRAPES /CUACE-Dust model has been established.The latest data of land desertification,optical properties of China sand and dust aerosols,daily soil moisture and snow cover over China main land was introduced in this system.The system showed good performance in mass conservation.The comparisons of real-time prediction outputs with surface observations and aerosol indices derived from TOMS ozone spectrophotometers(TOMS AI) indicate that the model can predict the outbreak,development,transport and depletion processes of sand and dust storms accurately over China and the East Asian region.The system makes real-time quantitative prediction of a series of elements including sand and dust injection from the surface,dry and wet deposition amount,dust concentration and optical depth.We selected 7 major dust storms occurring in April 2006 and analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of dust emission,dry and wet deposition and atmospheric load in this paper.The results showed that about 225 million tons of dust were emitted into the atmosphere from the deserts over east Asia in that month.The 3 major sand and dust sources were just as the following:The deserts in northern Inner Mongolia and the boundary area around China-Mongolia were the first dust sources with a contribution of 153 million tons accounting for 68%of the total emission.The Taklimakan Desert ranked second and contributed approximately 40 million tons accounting for 17%of the dust emission.The Onqin Daga Sandland emitted about 15 million tons or 7%of the total emission.The contributions from other deserts,sandy lands and abandoned farmlands were about only 8%of the total dust emission.The total deposition over the East Asian region in April 2006 was 136 million tons.The regional distribution of dust deposition showed that the 3 major sources were also the major deposition areas.The deposition amount in the 3 major sources accounted for 78%of the total with about 135 million tons falling back to the source regions.The secondary deposition area was the China mainland downriver,where more than 2 million tons deposited accounting for 16%of the total deposition.The deposition over the region east of 120°E including China off-shore regions,Korean Peninsula,Japan and the West Pacific took only 6%of the total deposition,which was about 850000 tons.The analysis on dry and wet deposition showed that dry deposition dominated in the process,accounting for 94%of the total sand and dust depositions in the period and wet deposition only was around for 6%,since it was generally dry with less rainfall over northern China in April. | WANG Hong GONG ShanLing ZHANG HongLiang CHEN Yong SHEN XueShun CHEN DeHui XUE JiShan SHEN YuanFang WU XiangJun JIN ZhiYan | 2010 | Chinese Science Bulletin2010，55，7： | 10 |
| 7 | Improvement of the Semi-Lagrangian Advection Scheme in the GRAPES Model:Theoretical Analysis and Idealized Tests显示文摘The Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System(GRAPES) is the new-generation numerical weather prediction(NWP) system developed by the China Meteorological Administration. It is a fully compressible non-hydrostatical global/regional unified model that uses a traditional semi-Lagrangian advection scheme with cubic Lagrangian interpolation(referred to as the SL CL scheme). The SL CL scheme has been used in many operational NWP models, but there are still some deficiencies, such as the damping effects due to the interpolation and the relatively low accuracy. Based on Reich's semi-Lagrangian advection scheme(referred to as the R2007 scheme), the Re R2007 scheme that uses the low- and high-order B-spline function for interpolation at the departure point, is developed in this paper. One- and two-dimensional idealized tests in the rectangular coordinate system with uniform grid cells were conducted to compare the Re R2007 scheme and the SL CL scheme. The numerical results showed that:(1) the damping effects were remarkably reduced with the Re R2007 scheme; and(2) the normalized errors of the Re R2007 scheme were about 7.5 and 3 times smaller than those of the SL CL scheme in one- and two-dimensional tests, respectively, indicating the higher accuracy of the Re R2007 scheme.Furthermore, two solid-body rotation tests were conducted in the latitude–longitude spherical coordinate system with nonuniform grid cells, which also verified the Re R2007 scheme's advantages. Finally, in comparison with other global advection schemes, the Re R2007 scheme was competitive in terms of accuracy and flow independence. An encouraging possibility for the application of the Re R2007 scheme to the GRAPES model is provided. | HUANG Bo CHEN Dehui LI Xingliang LI Chao | 2014 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2014，31，3： | 8 |
| 8 | Use of genomic selection and breeding simulation in cross prediction for improvement of yield and quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)显示文摘In wheat breeding, it is a difficult task to select the most suitable parents for making crosses aimed at the improvement of both grain yield and grain quality. By quantitative genetics theory,the best cross should have high progeny mean and large genetic variance, and ideally yield and quality should be less negatively or positively correlated. Usefulness is built on population mean and genetic variance, which can be used to select the best crosses or populations to achieve the breeding objective. In this study, we first compared five models(RR-BLUP, Bayes A, Bayes B, Bayes ridge regression, and Bayes LASSO) for genomic selection(GS) with respect to prediction of usefulness of a biparental cross and two criteria for parental selection, using simulation. The two parental selection criteria were usefulness and midparent genomic estimated breeding value(GEBV). Marginal differences were observed among GS models. Parental selection with usefulness resulted in higher genetic gain than midparent GEBV. In a population of 57 wheat fixed lines genotyped with 7588 selected markers, usefulness of each biparental cross was calculated to evaluate the cross performance, a key target of breeding programs aimed at developing pure lines. It was observed that progeny mean was a major determinant of usefulness, but the usefulness ratings of quality traits were more influenced by their genetic variances in the progeny population. Near-zero or positive correlations between yield and major quality traits were found in some crosses, although they were negatively correlated in the population of parents. A selection index incorporating yield, extensibility, and maximum resistance was formed as a new trait and its usefulness for selecting the crosses with the best potential to improve yield and quality simultaneously was calculated. It was shown that applying the selection index improved both yield and quality while retaining more genetic variance in the selected progenies than the individual trait selection. It was concluded that combining genomic selection with simulation allows the prediction of cross performance in simulated progenies and thereby identifies candidate parents before crosses are made in the field for pure-line breeding programs. | Ji Yao Dehui Zhao Xinmin Chen Yong Zhang Jiankang Wang | 2018 | The Crop Journal2018，6，4： | 6 |
| 9 | WSe2 2D p-type semiconductor-based electronic devices for information technology:Design,preparation,and applications显示文摘The pioneering exfoliation of monolayer tungsten diselenide has greatly inspired researchers toward semiconducting applications.WSe2 belongs to a family of transition-metal dichalcogenides.Similar to graphene,WSe2 and analogous dichalcogenides have layered structures with weak van der Waals interactions between two adjacent layers.First,the readers are presented with the fundamentals of WSe2,such as types,morphologies,and properties.Here,we report the characterization principles and practices such as microscopy,spectroscopy,and diffraction.Second,the methods for obtaining high-quality WSe2,such as exfoliation,hydrothermal and chemical vapor deposition,are briefly listed.With advantages of light weight,flexibility,and high quantum efficiency,2D materials may have a niche in optoelectronics as building blocks in p-n junctions.Therefore,we introduce a state-of-the-art demonstration of heterostructure devices employing the p-type WSe2 semiconductor.The device architectures include field-effect transistors,photodetectors,gas sensors,and photovoltaic solar cells.Due to its unique electronic,optical,and energy band properties,WSe2 has been increasingly investigated due to the conductivity of the p-type charge carrier upon palladium contact.Eventually,the dynamic research on WSe2 and van der Waals heterostructures is summarized to arouse the passion of the 2D research community. | Qilin Cheng Jinbo Pang Dehui Sun Jingang Wang Shu Zhang Fan Liu Yuke Chen Ruiqi Yang Na Liang Xiheng Lu Yanchen Ji Jian Wang Congcong Zhang Yuanhua Sang Hong Liu Weijia Zhou | 2020 | InfoMat2020，2，4： | 5 |
| 10 | Analysis of severe human adenovirus infection outbreak in Guangdong Province,southern China in 2019显示文摘During 2018–2019,a severe human adenovirus(HAdV)infection outbreak occurred in southern China.Here,we screened 18 respiratory pathogens in 1704 children(≤14 years old)hospitalized with acute respiratory illness in Guangzhou,China,in 2019.In total,151 patients had positive HAdV test results;34.4%(52/151)of them exhibited severe illness.HAdV infection occurred throughout the year,with a peak in summer.The median patient age was 3.0(interquartile range:1.1–5.0)years.Patients with severe HAdV infection exhibited increases in12 clinical indexes(P≤0.019)and decreases in four indexes(P≤0.007),compared with patients exhibiting nonsevere infection.No significant differences were found in age or sex distribution according to HAdV infection severity(P>0.05);however,the distributions of comorbid disease and HAdV co-infection differed according to HAdV infection severity(P<0.05).The main epidemic types were HAdV-3(47.0%,71/151)and HAdV-7(46.4%,70/151).However,the severe illness rate was significantly higher in patients with HAdV-7(51.4%)than in patients with HAdV-3(19.7%)and other types of HAdV(20%)(P<0.001).Sequencing analysis of genomes/capsid genes of 13 HAdV-7 isolates revealed high similarity to previous Chinese isolates.A representative HAdV-7isolate exhibited a similar proliferation curve to the curve described for the epidemic HAdV-3 strain Guangzhou01(accession no.DQ099432)(P>0.05);the HAdV-7 isolate exhibited stronger virulence and infectivity,compared with HAdV-3(P<0.001).Overall,comorbid disease,HAdV co-infection,and high virulence and infectivity of HAdV-7 were critical risk factors for severe HAdV infection;these data can facilitate treatment,control,and prevention of HAdV infection. | Wenkuan Liu Shuyan Qiu Li Zhang Hongkai Wu Xingui Tian Xiao Li Duo Xu Jing Dai Shujun Gu Qian Liu Dehui Chen Rong Zhou | 2022 | Virologica Sinica2022，37，3： | 5 |
| 11 | Reduced graphene oxide/silicon nanowire hetero- structures with enhanced photoactivity and superior photoelectrochemical stability显示文摘Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) have been widely studied as light harvesting antennas in photocatalysts due to their ability to absorb broad-spectrum solar radiation, but they are typically limited by poor photoelectrochemical stability. Here, we report the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide-SiNW (rGO-SiNW) heterostructures to achieve greatly improved photocatalytic activity and stability. The SiNWs were synthesized through a metal-assisted electroless etching process and functionalized with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) flakes through a chemical absorption process. Here, the rGO not only functions as a physical protection layer to isolate the SiNWs from the harsh electrochemical environment but also serves as a charge mediator to facilitate the charge separation and transport processes. Furthermore, the rGO may also function as a redox catalyst to ensure efficient utilization of photo-carriers for the desired chemical reactions. Photocatalytic dye degradation studies show that the photoactivity of the heterostructures can be significantly enhanced with an initial activation process and maintained without apparent decay over repeated reaction cycles. Electrochemical and photo- electrochemical studies indicate that the enhanced photoactivity and photostability can be attributed to the more efficient separation of photoexcited charge carriers in SiNWs and the reduced self-oxidation of the surface of the SiNWs during the photocatalytic dye degradation process. The ability to significantly improve the photocatalytic activity and stability in rGO-SiNW heterostructures can not only lead to more opportunities for the application of silicon-based photocatalysts/ photoelectrodes for solar energy harvesting but also provide new insights into the stabilization of other unstable photocatalytic | Xing Zhong Gongming wang Benjamin Papandrea Mufan Li Yuxi Xu Yu Chen Chih-Yen Chen Hailong Zhou Teng Xue Yongjia Li Dehui Li Yu Huang Xiangfeng Duan | 2015 | Nano Research2015，8，9： | 4 |
| 12 | Uprising period and elevation of the Wenyu granitic pluton in the Xiaoqinling District, Central China显示文摘Xiaoqinling District is an important gold-producing area in China.It ranks second to Jiaodong with regard to gold deposits.The uprising period of the Wenyu granitic pluton and the wall-rocks of the deposit,as well as the mineralizing depth and reserved place of gold ore bodies,are significant to ore exploration.Fission-track(FT)analysis of zircons and apatites of granitic rocks from the Wenyu granitic pluton shows that apatite FT(AFT)data modeling indicates a rapid cooling rate of 20°C/Ma from 138 to120 Ma after emplacement at 138 Ma.Thermal evolution and inversion curves suggest a secondary phase of fast cooling and uprising from 45 to 35 Ma,and 35 Ma,respectively,with a cooling rate of 6.7°C/Ma and a denudation quantity of^4.3 km.The last cooling phase took place from<4 Ma,with an average cooling rate of^11.3°C/Ma and a denudation amount of 1.3 km.Total exhumation quantity of 5.6 km and uprising elevation of 7.3 km are similar to the estimated results of fluid inclusions from the Dongtongyu and Wenyu gold deposits.The39Ar/40Ar dating of sericite from the fault planes of the Xunmadao-Xiaohe and Taiyao faults demonstrate two uprising activities of the ore-host metamorphic complex.The Huashan and Wenyu granitic plutons intensively occurred during 77 and 45 Ma,respectively.These data sets are valuable for understanding the uplifting process and for preserving gold ore bodies in the Xiaoqinling area,as well as for further studies on tectonic evolutions of the Taihua Complex and the Qinling-Dabie Orogen. | YU XinQi LIU JunLai ZHANG DeHui ZHENG Yong LI ChunLin CHEN ShuaiQi LI Tan | 2013 | Chinese Science Bulletin2013，58，35： | 3 |
| 13 | A field-effect approach to directly profiling the localized states in monolayer MoS2显示文摘A fundamental understanding of the charge transport mechanism in two-dimensional semiconductors(e.g., MoS2) is crucial for fully exploring their potential in electronic and optoelectronic devices. By using monolayer graphene as the barrier-free contact to MoS2, we show that the field-modulated conductivity can be used to probe the electronic structure of the localized states. A series of regularly distributed plateaus were observed in the gate-dependent transfer curves. Calculations based on the variable-range hopping theory indicate that such plateaus can be attributed to the discrete localized states near mobility edge. This method provides an effective approach to directly profiling the localized states in conduction channel with an ultrahigh resolution up to 1 meV. | Hao Wu Yuan Liu Zeyu Deng Hung-Chieh Cheng Dehui Li Jian Guo Qiyuan He Sen Yang Mengning Ding Yun-Chiao Huang Chen Wang Yu Huang Xiangfeng Duan | 2019 | Science Bulletin2019，64，15： | 2 |
| 14 | Recent progress of the optoelectronic properties of 2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites显示文摘Two-dimensional(2 D) hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites have recently attracted attention due to their layered nature, naturally formed quantum well structure, large exciton binding energy and especially better long-term environmental stability compared with their three-dimensional(3 D) counterparts. In this report, we present a brief overview of the recent progress of the optoelectronic applications in 2 D perovskites. The layer number dependent physical properties of 2 D perovskites will first be introduced and then the different synthetic approaches to achieve 2 D perovskites with different morphologies will be discussed. The optical, optoelectronic properties and self-trapped states in 2 D perovskites will be described, which are indispensable for designing the new device structures with novel functionalities and improving the device performance. Subsequently, a brief summary of the advantages and the current research status of the 2 D perovskite-based heterostructures will be illustrated.Finally, a perspective of 2 D perovskite materials is given toward their material synthesis and novel device applications. | Haizhen Wang Chen Fang Hongmei Luo Dehui Li | 2019 | Journal of Semiconductors2019，40，4： | 2 |
| 15 | Development of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of H9 avian influenza virus 显示文摘 | Chen Haotai Zhang Jie Sun Dehui | 2008 | J Virol Methods2008，151，2： | 1 |
| 16 | Important foliar traits depend on species grouping: Analysis of a remnant temperate forest at the Keerqin Sandy Lands, China显示文摘 | Chen Fusheng Niklas K J Zeng Dehui | 2011 | Plant Soil2011，340，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Analysis and discussion of a dead-zone protection mal-operation case in Brazil显示文摘A mal-operation case of busbar protection caused by a dead-zone protection abnormality in the Brazilian Midwest Grid on September 19th,2012,is briefly described.The operation process of pilot distance,automatic re-closure,busbar differential and dead-zone protection,and the emphasis on the logic scheme of dead-zone protection are analyzed.The time delay between the breaker’s main pole and auxiliary contact during re-closure was the main cause in this case,and a defect in the logic allowed it to occur.The differences in dead-zone protection logic between Brazil and China are discussed.A test platform was constructed in the laboratory,and a site simulated experiment was also performed.Possible causes are suggested and test activities are carried out to verify them.Results show the values of practical engineering approaches to the solution.Experience also contributed to avoiding future mal-operations and strengthening the reliability of the protection system,and thus of the power supply in Brazil. | Dehui CHEN Yi XIA Wei LIU Salvatore MANTUANO | 2014 | Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy2014，2，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Optical and Excitonic Properties of Crytalline ZnS Nanowires : Toward Efficient Ultraviolet Emission at Room Temperature显示文摘 | Chen Rui Li Dehui Liu Bo | 2010 | Nano Letters2010，10，12： | 1 |
| 19 | Direct transformation of dinitrogen:synthesis of N-containing organic compounds via N-C bond formation显示文摘N-containing organic compounds are of vital importance to lives.Practical synthesis of valuable N-containing organic compounds directly from dinitrogen(N2),not through ammonia(NH3),is a holy-grail in chemistry and chemical industry.An essential step for this transformation is the functionalization of the activated N2 units/ligands to generate N-C bonds.Pioneering works of transition metal-mediated direct conversion of N2 into organic compounds via N-C bond formation at metal-dinitrogen[N2-M]complexes have generated diversified coordination modes and laid the foundation of understanding for the N-C bond formation mechanism.This review summarizes those major achievements and is organized by the coordination modes of the[N2-M]complexes(end-on,side-on,end-on-side-on,etc.)that are involved in the N-C bond formation steps,and each part is arranged in terms of reaction types(N-alkylation,N-acylation,cycloaddition,insertion,etc.)between[N2-M]complexes and carbon-based substrates.Additionally,earlier works on one-pot synthesis of organic compounds from N2 via ill-defined intermediates are also briefed.Although almost all of the syntheses of N-containing organic compounds via direct transformation of N2 so far in the literature are realized in homogeneous stoichiometric thermochemical reaction systems and are discussed here in detail,the sporadically reported syntheses involving photochemical,electrochemical,heterogeneous thermo-catalytic reactions,if any,are also mentioned.This review aims to provide readers with an in-depth understanding of the state-of-the-art and perspectives of future research particularly in direct catalytic and efficient conversion of N2 into N-containing organic compounds under mild conditions,and to stimulate more research efforts to tackle this long-standing and grand scientific challenge. | Ze-Jie Lv Junnian Wei Wen-Xiong Zhang Ping Chen Dehui Deng Zhang-Jie Shi Zhenfeng Xi | 2020 | National Science Review2020，7，10： | 1 |
| 20 | Ensemble Transform Sensitivity Method for Adaptive Observations显示文摘The Ensemble Transform(ET) method has been shown to be useful in providing guidance for adaptive observation deployment.It predicts forecast error variance reduction for each possible deployment using its corresponding transformation matrix in an ensemble subspace.In this paper,a new ET-based sensitivity(ETS) method,which calculates the gradient of forecast error variance reduction in terms of analysis error variance reduction,is proposed to specify regions for possible adaptive observations.ETS is a first order approximation of the ET;it requires just one calculation of a transformation matrix,increasing computational efficiency(60%-80%reduction in computational cost).An explicit mathematical formulation of the ETS gradient is derived and described.Both the ET and ETS methods are applied to the Hurricane Irene(2011) case and a heavy rainfall case for comparison.The numerical results imply that the sensitive areas estimated by the ETS and ET are similar.However,ETS is much more efficient,particularly when the resolution is higher and the number of ensemble members is larger. | Yu ZHANG Yuanfu XIE Hongli WANG Dehui CHEN Zoltan TOTH | 2016 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2016，33，1： | 1 |
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