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| 1 | New proofs of the recent climate warming over the Tibetan Plateau as a result of the increasing greenhouse gases emissions显示文摘A striking climate warming over the Ti- betan Plateau during the last decades has been re- vealed by many studies, but evidence linking it to human activity is insufficient. By using historical ob- servations, here we show that the in situ climate warming is accompanied by a distinct decreasing trend of the diurnal range of surface air temperature. The ERA40 reanalysis further indicates that there seems to be a coherent warming trend near the tro- popause but a cooling trend in the lower stratosphere. Moreover, all these features can be reproduced in two coupled climate models forced by observed CO2 concentration of the 20th century but cannot be pro- duced by the fixed external conditions before the industrial revolution. These suggest that the recent climate warming over the Tibetan Plateau primarily results from the increasing anthropogenic green- house gases emissions, and impacts of the increased greenhouse gases emissions upon the climate change in the plateau are probably more serious than the rest of the world. | DUAN Anmin WU Guoxiong ZHANG Qiong LIU Yimin | 2006 | Chinese Science Bulletin2006，51，11： | 51 |
| 2 | Tibetan Plateau climate dynamics: recent research progress and outlook显示文摘This paper reviews progress in the study of Tibetan Plateau(TP) climate dynamics over the past decade.Several theoretical frameworks, including thermal adaptation and the TP sensible heat(SH) driving air-pump, have been developed to identify the mechanisms responsible for the circulation anomaly produced by thermal forcing of the TP. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the thermal efects of large-scale orography, including the Tibetan and Iranian Plateaus(TIP), are crucial for the formation of the East Asian and South Asian summer monsoons(SASM) because the surface SH of the TIP is the major driver of the water vapor transport required for the genesis of the north branch of the SASM. he large-scale orography of the TP afects the Asian climate through thermal forcing in spring and summer, and mechanical forcing in winter. he TP forcing can also inluence the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) onset over the Bay of Bengal(BOB) by enhancing the BOB warm pool at the surface and by modulating the South Asian High(SAH) in the upper troposphere. On intra-seasonal timescales, the TP thermal forcing signiicantly modulates spring rainfall in southern China and generates the biweekly oscillation of the SAH in summer. Despite climate warming, the atmospheric heat source over the TP, particularly the spring SH,exhibits a clear weakening trend from the 1980 s to 2000 s. his weakening of the spring SH contributed to the anomalous ‘dry in the north' and ‘wet in the south' rainfall patern observed over East China. Also discussed are challenges to further understanding the mechanism of TP forcing on the multi-scale variability of the ASM. | Guoxiong Wu Anmin Duan Yimin Liu Jiangyu Mao Rongcai Ren Qing Bao Bian He Boqi Liu Wenting Hu | 2015 | National Science Review2015，2，1： | 51 |
| 3 | Heating status of the Tibetan Plateau from April to June and rainfall and atmospheric circulation anomaly over East Asia in midsummer显示文摘Based on the 1958-1999 monthly averaged reanalysis data of the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the rainfall data of 160 Chinese surface stations, the relationship between rainfall and the atmospheric circulation anomaly over East Asia (EA) in July and the sensible heating (SH) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) from April to June (AMJ) is investigated by using the rotational experimental orthogonal function (REOF) method. The results show that the TP is an isolated heating source in this period. The lagged correlation analysis between the first rotational principal component (RPC) of SH over the TP in May and rainfall of EA in July demonstrates that strong SH over the TP before July leads to a positive rainfall anomaly over the TP, the valley between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, and the regions south and southeast of the TP, and the Sichuan Basin and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, but less rainfall anomaly over the regions north, northeast, and west of the TP. Such rainfall anomaly patterns are shown to be well coordinated with those of the circulation and vapor flux fields, and are explained by using the thermal adaptation theory and quasi-stationary large-scale vorticity equation. Therefore, the status of SH over the TP during AMJ can be used as a predictor for the rainfall anomaly over EA, especially in the valley between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River. | DUAN Anmin LIU Yimin WU Guoxiong | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，2： | 29 |
| 4 | Trend in the atmospheric heat source over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau during recent decades: Comparison of observations and reanalysis data显示文摘The trend in the atmospheric heat source over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau (CE-TP) is quantitatively estimated using historical observations at 71 meteorological stations, three reanalysis datasets from 1980-2008, and two satellite radiation datasets from 1984-2007. Results show that a weakening of sensible heat (SH) flux over the CE-TP continues. The most significant trend occurs in spring, induced mainly by decelerated surface wind speeds. The ground-air temperature difference shows a notable increasing trend over the last 5 years. Trends in net radiation flux of the atmospheric column over the CE-TP, evaluated by two satellite radiation datasets, are clearly different. Trends in the atmospheric heat source calculated by the three reanalysis datasets are not completely consistent, and even show opposite signals. Results from the two datasets both show a weakening of the heat source but the magnitude of one is significantly stronger, whereas an increase is indicated by the other data. Therefore, it is challenging to accurately calculate the trend in the atmospheric heat source over the CE-TP, particularly from the estimates of the reanalysis datasets. | WANG MeiRong ZHOU ShunWu DUAN AnMin | 2012 | Chinese Science Bulletin2012，57，5： | 25 |
| 5 | Land-atmosphere-ocean coupling associated with the Tibetan Plateau and its climate impacts显示文摘This paper reviews recent advances regarding land-atmosphere-ocean coupling associated with the Tibetan Plateau(TP)and its climatic impacts.Thermal forcing over the TP interacts strongly with that over the Iranian Plateau,forming a coupled heating system that elevates the tropopause,generates a monsoonal meridional circulation over South Asia and creates conditions of large-scale ascent favorable for Asian summer monsoon development.TP heating leads to intensification and westward extension(northward movement)of the South Asian High(Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone),and exerts strong impacts on upstream climate variations from North Atlantic to West Asia.It also affects oceanic circulation and buoyancy fields via atmospheric stationary wave trains and air-sea interaction processes,contributing to formation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.The TP thermal state and atmospheric-oceanic conditions are highly interactive and Asian summer monsoon variability is controlled synergistically by internal TP variability and external forcing factors. | Yimin Liu Mengmeng Lu Haijun Yang Anmin Duan Bian He Song Yang Guoxiong Wu | 2020 | National Science Review2020，7，3： | 21 |
| 6 | Surface energy budget diagnosis reveals possible mechanism for the different warming rate among Earth’s three poles in recent decades显示文摘With the introduction of the‘‘Third Pole'[1],the Arctic,Antarctic,and Tibetan Plateau(TP)can be collectively referred to as the‘‘three poles of the Earth'.The cryosphere is an important component of the climate system because of its effect on Earth’s surface albedo and its role in reducing the amount of heat exchanged between the atmosphere and ocean or land(2)As the dominant parts of the cryosphere,the Arctic,Antarctic,and TP are pivotal and sensitive areas of global climate change.Global warming will weaken the inherent stability of the cryosphere,such as its ice shelves,glaciers and permafrost[3,4]. | Kailun Gao Anmin Duan Deliang Chen Guoxiong Wu | 2019 | Science Bulletin2019，64，16： | 16 |
| 7 | Impact of Surface Sensible Heating over the Tibetan Plateau on the Western Pacific Subtropical High: A Land–Air–Sea Interaction Perspective显示文摘The impact of surface sensible heating over the Tibetan Plateau(SHTP) on the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH)with and without air–sea interaction was investigated in this study. Data analysis indicated that SHTP acts as a relatively independent factor in modulating the WPSH anomaly compared with ENSO events. Stronger spring SHTP is usually followed by an enhanced and westward extension of the WPSH in summer, and vice versa. Numerical experiments using both an AGCM and a CGCM confirmed that SHTP influences the large-scale circulation anomaly over the Pacific, which features a barotropic anticyclonic response over the northwestern Pacific and a cyclonic response to the south. Owing to different background circulation in spring and summer, such a response facilitates a subdued WPSH in spring but an enhanced WPSH in summer. Moreover, the CGCM results showed that the equatorial low-level westerly at the south edge of the cyclonic anomaly brings about a warm SST anomaly(SSTA) in the equatorial central Pacific via surface warm advection.Subsequently, an atmospheric Rossby wave is stimulated to the northwest of the warm SSTA, which in turn enhances the atmospheric dipole anomalies over the western Pacific. Therefore, the air–sea feedbacks involved tend to reinforce the effect of SHTP on the WPSH anomaly, and the role of SHTP on general circulation needs to be considered in a land–air–sea interaction framework. | Anmin DUAN Ruizao SUN Jinhai HE | 2017 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2017，34，2： | 15 |
| 8 | Formation and Variation of the Atmospheric Heat Source over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Climate Effects显示文摘To cherish the memory of the late Professor Duzheng YE on what would have been his 100 th birthday, and to celebrate his great accomplishment in opening a new era of Tibetan Plateau(TP) meteorology, this review paper provides an assessment of the atmospheric heat source(AHS) over the TP from different data resources, including observations from local meteorological stations, satellite remote sensing data, and various reanalysis datasets. The uncertainty and applicability of these heat source data are evaluated. Analysis regarding the formation of the AHS over the TP demonstrates that it is not only the cause of the atmospheric circulation, but is also a result of that circulation. Based on numerical experiments, the review further demonstrates that land–sea thermal contrast is only one part of the monsoon story. The thermal forcing of the Tibetan–Iranian Plateau plays a significant role in generating the Asian summer monsoon(ASM), i.e., in addition to pumping water vapor from sea to land and from the lower to the upper troposphere, it also generates a subtropical monsoon–type meridional circulation subject to the angular momentum conservation, providing an ascending-air large-scale background for the development of the ASM. | Guoxiong WU Bian HE Anmin DUAN Yimin LIU Wei YU | 2017 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2017，34，10： | 10 |
| 9 | Interannual Variability of Late-spring Circulation and Diabatic Heating over the Tibetan Plateau Associated with Indian Ocean Forcing显示文摘The thermal forcing of the Tibetan Plateau(TP) during boreal spring,which involves surface sensible heating,latent heating released by convection and radiation flux heat,is critical for the seasonal and subseasonal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon.Distinct from the situation in March and April when the TP thermal forcing is modulated by the sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) in the North Atlantic,the present study shows that it is altered mainly by the SSTA in the Indian Ocean Basin Mode(IOBM) in May,according to in-situ observations over the TP and MERRA reanalysis data.In the positive phase of the IOBM,a local Hadley circulation is enhanced,with its ascending branch over the southwestern Indian Ocean and a descending one over the southeastern TP,leading to suppressed precipitation and weaker latent heat over the eastern TP.Meanwhile,stronger westerly flow and surface sensible heating emerges over much of the TP,along with slight variations in local net radiation flux due to cancellation between its components.The opposite trends occur in the negative phase of the IOBM.Moreover,the main associated physical processes can be validated by a series of sensitivity experiments based on an atmospheric general circulation model,FAMIL.Therefore,rather than influenced by the remote SSTAs of the northern Atlantic in the early spring,the thermal forcing of the TP is altered by the Indian Ocean SSTA in the late spring on an interannual timescale. | Yu ZHAO Anmin DUAN Guoxiong WU | 2018 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2018，35，8： | 8 |
| 10 | Impacts of boundary layer parameterization schemes and air-sea coupling on WRF simulation of the East Asian summer monsoon显示文摘The planetary boundary layer(PBL)scheme in the regional climate model(RCM)has a significant impact on the interactions and exchanges of moisture,momentum,and energy between land,ocean,and atmosphere;however,its uncertainty will cause large systematic biases of RCM.Based on the four different PBL schemes(YSU,ACM2,Boulac,and MYJ)in Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model,the impacts of these schemes on the simulation of circulation and precipitation during the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM)are investigated.The simulated results of the two local turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)schemes,Boulac and MYJ,are more consistent with the observations than those in the two nonlocal closure schemes,YSU and ACM2.The former simulate more reasonable low-level southwesterly flow over East China and west pacific subtropical high(WPSH)than the latter.As to the modeling of summer monsoon precipitation,both the spatial distributions and temporal evolutions from Boulac and MYJ are also better than those in YSU and ACM2 schemes.In addition,through the comparison between YSU and Boulac experiments,the differences from the results of EASM simulation are more obvious over the oceanic area.In the experiments with the nonlocal schemes YSU and ACM2,the boundary layer mixing processes are much stronger,which lead to produce more sea surface latent heat flux and enhanced convection,and finally induce the overestimated precipitation and corresponding deviation of monsoon circulation.With the further study,it is found that the absence of air-sea interaction in WRF may amplify the biases caused by PBL scheme over the ocean.Consequently,there is a reduced latent heat flux over the sea surface and even more reasonable EASM simulation,if an ocean model coupled into WRF. | WANG ZiQian DUAN AnMin WU GuoXiong | 2014 | Science China Earth Sciences2014，57，7： | 7 |
| 11 | Atmospheric heat source/sink dataset over the Tibetan Plateau based on satellite and routine meteorological observations显示文摘The Tibetan Plateau(TP),acting as a large elevated land surface and atmospheric heat source during spring and summer,has a substantial impact on regional and global weather and climate.To explore the multi-scale temporal variation in the thermal forcing effect of the TP,here we calculated the surface sensible heat and latent heat release based on 6-h routine observations at 80(32)meteorological stations during the period 1979–2016(1960–2016).Meanwhile,in situ air-column net radiation cooling during the period 1984–2015 was derived from satellite data.This new data-set provides continuous,robust,and the longest observational atmospheric heat source/sink data over the third pole,which will be helpful to better understand the spatial-temporal structure and multi-scale variation in TP diabatic heating and its influence on the earth’s climatic system. | Anmin Duan Senfeng Liu Yu Zhao Kailun Gao Wenting Hu | 2018 | Big Earth Data2018，2，2： | 7 |
| 12 | The FGOALS climate system model as a modeling tool for supporting climate sciences:An overview显示文摘Climate system models are useful tools for understanding the interactions among the components of the climate system and predicting/projecting future climate change. The development of climate models has been a central focus of the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences(LASG/IAP) since the establishment of the laboratory in 1985. In China, many pioneering component models and fully coupled models of the climate system have been developed by LASG/IAP. The fully coupled climate system developed in the recent decade is named FGOALS(Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model). In this paper, an application-oriented review of the LASG/IAP FGOALS model is presented. The improved model performances are demonstrated in the context of cloud-radiation processes, Asian monsoon, ENSO phenomena, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC) and sea ice. The FGOALS model has contributed to both CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-phase 5) and IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) AR5(the Fifth Assessment Report). The release of FGOALS data has supported the publication of nearly 500 papers around the world. The results of FGOALS are cited ~106 times in the IPCC WG1(Working Group 1) AR5. In addition to the traditional long-term simulations and projections, near-term decadal climate prediction is a new set of CMIP experiment, progress of LAGS/IAP in the development of nearterm decadal prediction system is reviewed. The FGOALS model has supported many Chinese national-level research projects and contributed to the national climate change assessment report. The crucial role of FGOALS as a modeling tool for supporting climate sciences is highlighted by demonstrating the model's performances in the simulation of the evolution of Earth's climate from the past to the future. | TianJun Zhou Bin Wang YongQiang Yu YiMin Liu WeiPeng Zheng LiJuan Li Bo Wu PengFei Lin Zhun Guo WenMin Man Qing Bao AnMin Duan HaiLong Liu XiaoLong Chen Bian He JianDong Li LiWei Zou XiaoCong Wang LiXia Zhang Yong Sun WenXia Zhang | 2018 | Earth and Planetary Physics2018，2，4： | 6 |
| 13 | Change in the tilting of the ridgeline surface of the subtropical anticyclone and the predictability of the onset of the Asian summer monsoon显示文摘The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data are used tostudy the relationships among the change in the tilting of theridgeline surface of the subtropical anticyclone, the estab-lishment of the so-called 'seasonal transition axis (STA)' andthe onset of the Asian summer monsoon. It is shown that themonsoon onset is characterized by the overturning of themeridional temperature gradient (MTG) in the vicinity of theridgeline surface. A MTG index is then constructed to inves-tigate the predictability of the Asian summer monsoon onsetconceptually. Data diagnoses show that if the initial MTG isknown and the meridional gradient across the ridgeline sur-face of the local temperature tendency can be estimated, alate or early onset of the summer monsoon can be qualita-tively predicted in advance. | MAO Jiangyu, DUAN Anmin, LIU Yimin WU Guoxiong State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Almospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China | 2003 | Chinese Science Bulletin2003，48，S2： | 6 |
| 14 | Impacts of the Leading Modes of Tropical Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly on Sub-Seasonal Evolution of the Circulation and Rainfall over East Asia during Boreal Spring and Summer显示文摘The two leading modes of the interannual variability of the tropical Indian Ocean(TIO) sea surface temperature(SST) anomaly are the Indian Ocean basin mode(IOBM) and the Indian Ocean dipole mode(IODM) from March to August. In this paper, the relationship between the TIO SST anomaly and the sub-seasonal evolution of the circulation and rainfall over East Asia during boreal spring and summer is investigated by using correlation analysis and composite analysis based on multi-source observation data from 1979 to 2013, together with numerical simulations from an atmospheric general circulation model. The results indicate that the impacts of the IOBM on the circulation and rainfall over East Asia vary remarkably from spring to summer. The anomalous anticyclone over the tropical Northwest Pacific induced by the warm IOBM is closely linked with the Pacific–Japan or East Asia–Pacific teleconnection pattern, which persists from March to August. In the upper troposphere over East Asia, the warm phase of the IOBM generates a significant anticyclonic response from March to May. In June and July, however, the circulation response is characterized by enhanced subtropical westerly flow. A distinct anomalous cyclone is found in August.Overall, the IOBM can exert significant influence on the western North Pacific subtropical high, the South Asian high, and the East Asian jet, which collectively modulate the precipitation anomaly over East Asia. In contrast, the effects of the IODM on the climate anomaly over East Asia are relatively weak in boreal spring and summer. Therefore, studying the impacts of the TIO SST anomaly on the climate anomaly in East Asia should take full account of the different sub-seasonal response during boreal spring and summer. | Senfeng LIU Anmin DUAN | 2017 | Journal of Meteorological Research2017，31，1： | 5 |
| 15 | Can the tropical storms originated from the Bay of Bengal impact the precipitation and soil moisture over the Tibetan Plateau?显示文摘This study investigates the impacts of tropical storms originated from the Bay of Bengal(BOBTSs) on the precipitation and soil moisture over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in April–June(AMJ) and September–December(SOND) during 1981–2011 based on the best track dataset provided by Joint Typhoon Warning Centre(JTWC). Results indicate that there are about 1.35 BOBTSs influence the TP in each year and most of them occurred in May and October, and the BOBTSs in AMJ influence the TP with larger extension and higher latitudes than those in SOND. The maximum regional precipitation induced by the BOBTSs accounts for more than 50% for the total precipitation in the corresponding month and about 20% for the season. Further analysis reveals that the surface soil moisture anomalies induced by the BOBTSs can persist only 20–25 days in AMJ, and the case is also true for the snow depth in SOND. Numerical simulations by using the regional climate model of Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) suggest that the soil moisture anomalies in the sub-surface can last 2 months whereas for the surface it can persist only about 20 days, which agrees well with the observation analysis. Overall, the effect of the preceding BOBTSs on the snow depth and soil moisture anomalies over the TP cannot maintain to summer, and there is no robust connection between the BOBTSs and summer precipitation anomalies in East China. Moreover, since the mid-1990 s, the spring rainfall induced by the BOBTSs over the TP seems to be enhanced to a certain degree because of the intensified BOBTSs. | XIAO ZhiXiang DUAN AnMin | 2015 | Science China Earth Sciences2015，58，6： | 3 |
| 16 | Propagation and Mechanisms of the Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation over the Asian Summer Monsoon Region显示文摘The propagation and underlying mechanisms of the boreal summer quasi-biweekly oscillation(QBWO)over the entire Asian monsoon region are investigated,based on ECMWF Interim reanalysis(ERA-Interim)data,GPCP precipitation data,and an atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM).Statistical analyses indicate that the QBWO over the Asian monsoon region derives its main origin from the equatorial western Pacific and moves northwestward to the Bay of Bengal and northern India,and then northward to the Tibetan Plateau(TP)area,with a baroclinic vertical structure.Northward propagation of the QBWO is promoted by three main mechanisms:barotropic vorticity,boundary moisture advection,and surface sensible heating(SSH).It is dominated by the barotropic vorticity effect when the QBWO signals are situated to the south of 20°N.During the propagation taking place farther north toward the TP,the boundary moisture advection and SSH are the leading mechanisms.We use an AGCM to verify the importance of SSH on the northward propagation of the QBWO.Numerical simulations confirm the diagnostic conclusion that the equatorial western Pacific is the source of the QBWO.Importantly,the model can accurately simulate the propagation pathway of the QBWO signals over the Asian monsoon region.Simultaneously,sensitivity experiments demonstrate that the SSH over northern India and the southern slope of the TP greatly contributes to the northward propagation of the QBWO as far as the TP area. | Meirong WANG Jun WANG Anmin DUAN | 2017 | Journal of Meteorological Research2017，31，2： | 3 |
| 17 | Trends in Summer Rainfall over China Associated with the Tibetan Plateau Sensible Heat Source during 1980-2008显示文摘 | Duan Anmin Wang Meirong Lei Yonghui Cui Yangfan | 2013 | Journal of Climate2013，，1： | 2 |
| 18 | Persistent Weakening Trend in the Spring Sensible Heat Source over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Impact on the Asian Summer Monsoon显示文摘 | Duan Anmin Li Fei Wang Meirong Wu Guoxiong | 2011 | Journal of Climate2011，，21： | 2 |
| 19 | Long-term daily dataset of surface sensible heat flux and latent heat release over the Tibetan Plateau based on routine meteorological observations显示文摘As the main components of the atmospheric heat source/sink over the Tibetan Plateau(TP),up-to-date spatiotemporal fields of surface sensible heat flux and latent heat release by precipitation are vital for investigating the local land-atmosphere interaction and the effect of the thermal forcing of the TP on global weather and climate.This study recalculates the long-term daily dataset of surface sensible heat flux and latent heat release of condensation over the TP based on 293 routine meteorological observations,with the latest date being 31 December 2019.Most stations have adequate and valid records during the period 1981-2019,and the results for 1951-1980 are also calculated if the observations are available.Moreover,a brief evaluation of the climatology and long-term variation during 1981-2019 is conducted.By providing the most continuous and longest set of observational surface sensible heat flux and latent heat release of condensation data over the TP with a high degree of credibility,this new dataset will support research concerning the multi-timescale variation of diabatic heating/cooling over the TP and its remote influence.It is openly available on the LASG data-sharing platform(http://gffzza13a34b6ae8b4fa1h66k0bvvfbwn56vbf.ffgz.tsg.suse.edu.cn/TPSHLH/). | Anmin Duan Senfeng Liu Wenting Hu Die Hu Yuzhuo Peng | 2022 | Big Earth Data2022，6，4： | 2 |
| 20 | Wave-mean flow interaction and its relationship with the atmospheric energy cycle with diabatic heating显示文摘Based on the traditional theory of wave mean flow interaction, an improved quasi-geostrophic Eliassen-Palm flux with diabatic heating included is deduced. It is shown that there exists an intrinsic relation between the atmospheric energy cycle derived by Lorenz and the wave energy transfer derived by Eliassen and Palm. From this relation it becomes clear that the energy propagation process of large-scale stationary wave is indeed a part of Lorenz energy cycle, and the energy transform from mean flow to wave equals the global mass integral of the divergence of local wave energy flux or the global integral of local wave energy. The diagnostic results by using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data suggest that the classical adiabatic Eliassen-Palm flux relation can present only the wintertime wave energy transformation. For other seasons, however, the diabatic effect must be taken into account. | DUAN Anmin WU Guoxiong | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，8： | 2 |
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