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| 1 | Geological Evidence for the Operation of Plate Tectonics throughout the Archean:Records from Archean Paleo-Plate Boundaries显示文摘Plate tectonics describes the horizontal motion of rigid lithospheric plates away from midoceanic ridges and parallel to transforms, towards deep-sea trenches, where the oceanic lithosphere is subducted into the mantle. This process is the surface expression of modern-day heat loss from Earth. One of the biggest questions in Geosciences today is 'when did plate tectonics begin on Earth' with a wide range of theories based on an equally diverse set of constraints from geology, geochemistry, numerical modeling, or pure speculation. In this contribution, we turn the coin over and ask 'when was the last appearance in the geological record for which there is proof that plate tectonics did not operate on the planet as it does today'. We apply the laws of uniformitarianism to the rock record to ask how far back in time is the geologic record consistent with presently-operating kinematics of plate motion, before which some other mechanisms of planetary heat loss may have been in operation. Some have suggested that evidence shows that there was no plate tectonics before 800 Ma ago, others sometime before 1.8–2.7 Ga, or before 2.7 Ga. Still others recognize evidence for plate tectonics as early as 3.0 Ga, 3.3–3.5 Ga, the age of the oldest rocks, or in the Hadean before 4.3 Ga. A key undiscussed question is: why is there such a diversity of opinion about the age at which plate tectonics can be shown to not have operated, and what criteria are the different research groups using to define plate tectonics, and to recognize evidence of plate tectonics in very old rocks? Here, we present and evaluate data from the rock record, constrained by relevant geochemical-isotopic data, and conclude that the evidence shows indubitably that plate tectonics has been operating at least since the formation of the oldest rocks, albeit with some differences in processes, compositions, and products in earlier times of higher heat generation and mantle temperature, weaker oceanic lithosphere, hotter subduction zones caused by more slab-melt generation, and under different biological and atmospheric conditions. | Timothy M.Kusky Brian F.Windley Ali Polat | 2018 | Journal of Earth Science2018，29，6： | 20 |
| 2 | Petrogenesis and Geotectonic Significance of Early-Neoproterzoic Olivine-Gabbro within the Yangtze Craton: Constrains from the Mineral Composition, U-Pb Age and Hf Isotopes of Zircons显示文摘The olivine-gabbroic rocks located at the Huangling anticline within the Yangtze Craton are dated at circa 857–854 Ma by LA-ICP-MS method. The rocks belong to the sub-alkaline series and consist of pyroxene(35%–40%), plagioclase(40%–45%), olivine(8%–10%) and spinel(3%–5%). Olivine has Fo values of 73–83 that is classified as chrysolite. Pyroxene has relative low contents of Fe O(6.60 wt.%–8.23 wt.%) but high Ca O(20.23 wt.%–21.25 wt.%) contents, however, plagioclase has high Al_2O_3(31.78 wt.%–32.37 wt.%), Ca O(16.08 wt.%–16.25 wt.%) and An(79–80) values, but low Na2 O contents(1.95 wt.%–2.11 wt.%). Spinel are magnesioferrite with characteristics of high contents of Mg O(13.65 wt.%– 13.68 wt.%), Fe O(23.27 wt.%–23.40 wt.%) and Al_2O_3(62.43 wt.%–62.74 wt.%). Chemical compositions of these minerals are similar to those of gabbro rocks that were formed in the post-orogeny environment. The olivine-gabbro samples have negative zircon εHf values(-16.57±0.47) that resemble the mafic rocks in the same region, indicating that they are derived from the extremely enriched mantle source. On the compilation of documented Neoproterozoic mafic rocks in the Yangtze Craton, it is proposed that the mantle in the northern Yangtze Craton has experienced different degrees enrichment during the Neoproterozoic. | Xingfu Jiang Songbai Peng Timothy M.Kusky Lu Wang Hao Deng | 2018 | Journal of Earth Science2018，29，1： | 10 |
| 3 | 扬子克拉通黄陵穹隆北部发现古元古代蛇绿混杂岩显示文摘黄陵穹窿位于华南扬子克拉通核部地区,出露有华南前南华纪最古老、面积最大的太古宙-古元古代崆岭杂岩(崆岭岩群)(高山和张本仁,1990;马大铨等,1997;Gao et al.,1999,2011;Qiu et al.,2000;Zhang et al.,2006;Zheng et al.,2006;Jiao et al.,2009;Guo et al.,2014),受后期新元古代黄陵花岗杂岩体侵入影响,大体以雾渡河大断裂为界分隔为南、北部两部分(也称为南、北崆岭群),是扬子克拉通前南华纪基底最具代表性的岩石记录,一直受国内外地质学界的高度关注, | 彭松柏 韩庆森 Ali Polat Timothy M.Kusky | 2016 | 地球科学(中国地质大学学报)2016，41，12： | 6 |
| 4 | Zircon and Monazite Ages Constraints on Devonian Magmatism and Granulite-Facies Metamorphism in the Southern Qaidam Block:Implications for Evolution of Proto-and Paleo-Tethys in East Asia显示文摘High-temperature magma generation process and granulite-facies metamorphism can provide important information about mantle-crustal interaction and tectonic evolution. The strongly peraluminous monzonite pluton, the Jinshuikou cordierite granite on the southern margin of the Qaidam Block, can provide important information about the mantle-crustal interaction and constraints on tectonic transition from Proto-Tethys to Paleo-Tethys. This pluton develops enclaves of mafic granulite, amphibolite and quartzofeldspathic rocks, and is cut by massive monzonitic leuco-granite veins. Zircon and monazite U-Pb dating for the cordierite granite, the granulite enclaves and a massive monzonitic leuco-granite vein reveal that the cordierite granitic magma was generated from Mesoproterozoic continental crust with protolith derived from a provenance that was composed of >2.8 Ga old recycled crustal materials and recorded a ~1.7 Ga magmatic event. The continental crust underwent low-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism at ~380 Ma ago, whereas the cordierite granite magmas was generated and emplaced during 380 Ma, followed by intrusion of the massive monzonitic leuco-granite vein at circa 370–330 Ma. These data suggest that after the final closure of Proto-Tethys Ocean spreading along the southern Qaidam Block at ~420 Ma, break-off of the subducted slab or delamination of the lower crustal base and upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle beneath the southern Qaidam Block occurred before the Mid-Devonian, and that the initiation of the Paleo-Tethys tectonics might initiate near the end of Early-Carboniferous in the East Kunlun-Qaidam region, East Asia. | Jin Ba Lu Zhang Chuan He Neng-Song Chen Timothy M.Kusky Qinyan Wang Yusheng Wan Xiaoming Liu | 2018 | Journal of Earth Science2018，29，5： | 6 |
| 5 | Geomorphometric Evidence of an Active Pop-up Structure along the Sabzpushan Fault Zone,Zagros Mountains,SW Iran显示文摘Evaluation of active tectonism by means of geomorphic indices has provided crucial semi-quantitative data for evaluating seismic hazards in a fault zone in a semiarid area of the Zagros Mountains of Iran where tectonic rates are low-to-moderate and there are few Quaternary dates. Quaternary activity along the seismically active but poorly understood Sabzpushan fault zone(SFZ) has been investigated. The SFZ consists of two dextral strike-slip faults, the Zafarabad and Kafari faults. Geomorphic indices including mountain front sinuosity, valley asymmetry factor, hypsometric integral, valley floor width to valley height ratio and stream length gradient index were used to assess the effects of active reverse faults which control the topographic relief and Quaternary activity. Geomorphometric and field evidence reveal that the Quaternary activity and topographic relief of the study area are controlled by two reverse faults, the North and South Sabzpushan reverse faults, which have formed a pop-up structure in the contractional step-over area between the Zafarabad and Kafari dextral strikeslip faults as a consequence of oblique convergence between the Afro-Arabian and Iranian plates accommodated by the North and South Sabzpushan thrust faults. | Ali Faghih Iman Nezamzadeh Timothy M.Kusky | 2016 | Journal of Earth Science2016，27，6： | 3 |
| 6 | Comparative orotomy of the Archean Superior and Phanerozoic Altaid orogenic systems显示文摘We compare and contrast the materials and mechanisms of continental crustal growth in the largest preserved regions of Phanerozoic and Archean juvenile additions to the crust,to test for similarities or differences in the formation of continents through time.We accomplish this through a comparison of map patterns,lithological contents,and structural and metamorphic evolution of the Phanerozoic Altaid orogenic system of Asia,with the Archean Superior Province of the North American Craton,using a method termed comparative orotomy.Both orogenic systems consist of collages of curvilinear belts of eroded arcs,some older continental slivers,and vast tracts of former subduction/accretionary complexes.These contain numerous shreds of portions of the ophiolite suite,slivers of island and continental arcs,and accreted oceanic plateau,all intruded by multiple magmatic suites during or between multiple deformation events,then sliced by large transcurrent fault systems and bent into large oroclinal structures.We make this comparison because the Superior Province is a typical Archean craton that was later,in the P aleoproterozoic,incorporated into the larger North American Craton,and has occupied a central position in several super continents(e.g.Kenorland and Nuna,which then formed the core of Columbia,Rodinia,Laurentia and Pangea)during its longevity.Since it is the largest single fragment of Archean continental cratonic lithosphere preserved on Earth,the Superior Province is widely regarded as a testing ground for how Earth’s continental crust was formed.Likewise,the Altaids encompass the largest region of crustal growth for the Phanerozoic.Our comparison with the Altaids is needed,as in recent years many myths about how the planet may have responded to higher heat production and flow in the Archean have emerged,because of trends in the science where regional geology is ignored in favor of numerical models,isotopic proxies for assumed models of chemical behavior for crust-forming or tectonic processes,or comparisons with other-worldly bodies that bear little resemblance to our hydrous Earth.Thus,we return to the geological record,and here describe the map patterns,lithological associations,structural patterns and evolution of both the Altaids and Superior Province,showing how comparative tectonics,orotomy,is useful in the absence of meaningful paleomagnetic or biostratigraphic data.We pay particular attention to the style of preservation of disaggregated members of the ophiolite suite(ophirags)and their relationships with other tectonic units,and to the widespread but largely overlooked role of late-stage major transcurrent motions and structural slicing of both Archean and Phanerozoic orogenic systems in defining the present-day architecture of both orogenic systems. | Timothy M.Kusky A.M.Celal Sengor | 2023 | National Science Review2023，10，2： | 2 |
| 7 | GIS-Based Analysis of Relative Tectonic Activity along the Kazerun Fault Zone, Zagros Mountains, Iran: Insights from Data Mining of Geomorphic Data显示文摘This paper tests a data mining method for evaluation of the 'IRTA'(Index of Relative Tectonic Activity) to investigate the impact of active tectonics on geomorphic processes and landscape development. Based upon K-means clustering of six basin-related geomorphic indices(the hypsometric integral, basin asymmetric factor, drainage density, basin shape ratio, mean axial slope of the channel and topographic roughness) that represent the relative strength of active tectonic deformation on topography and morphology, the relative tectonic activity along the Kazerun Fault Zone in the Zagros Mountains of Iran may be classified into low, moderate and high relative tectonic activity zones. The results allow the identification of the clusters of similarly deformed areas related to relative tectonic activity. The utilization of geomorphic parameters as well as IRTA with comparison to the field observations exhibit change in relative tectonic activities mostly corresponding to the change in mechanism of the prominent fault zones in the study area. | Ali Faghih Ahmad Nourbakhsh Timothy M.Kusky | 2015 | Journal of Earth Science2015，26，5： | 1 |
| 8 | Déjàvu:Might Future Eruptions of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano be a Repeat of the Devastating Eruption of Santorini,Greece(1650 BC)?显示文摘The remote Pacific islands nation of Tonga(about 170 islands,with a population of 105000),and surrounding countries,are suffering from the damage from one of the largest,most explosive volcanic eruptions in at least several decades,at least since the 1991 eruption of Pinatubo in the Philippines.The data is still coming in from the Jan.15,2022 eruption.Initial reports show(remarkably)few casualties,but the islands are still(as of this writing)inaccessible because of thick volcanic ash coverings。 | Timothy M.Kusky | 2022 | Journal of Earth Science2022，33，2： | 1 |
| 9 | Twin Earthquakes Devastate Southeast Türkiye and Syria:First Report from the Epicenters显示文摘In early February,2023,southeastern Türkiye and northern Syria were hit by a series of deadly earthquakes(two of them above magnitude 7.5)that are proving to be one of the most significant earthquake disasters of this century.These“twin quakes”caused a large number of casualties and property losses.As of press time,the death toll in Türkiye and Syria has surpassed 51000 and the number of injured has surpassed 120000,with the number affected>13.5 million.The toll is constantly rising and the hope of finding more survivors has rapidly faded.The USGS PAGER(United States Geological Survey,Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquake for Response)service estimates economic losses of 10–100 billion US dollars. | Timothy M.Kusky Erdin Bozkurt Jiannan Meng Lu Wang | 2023 | Journal of Earth Science2023，34，2： | 0 |
| 10 | ASTER Analysis for Locating REE-Bearing Granites in Arid Regions:Example from the Arabian Shield显示文摘The world’s increasing demand for rare earth elements(REEs)highlights the potential for using new multispectral remote sensing techniques to define new exploration targets in arid regions,such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(KSA),Egypt,and regions of central and western China.Although REEs cannot be detected by satellite multispectral instruments,REEs-bearing alkaline granites can be identified on ASTER imagery.Herein,we develop a new ASTER band ratio scheme to delineate mineralization-related features of the Ghurayyah REE-bearing peralkaline granite in the northwestern KSA.The Ghurayyah peralkaline stock is located at the intersection of a NW striking segment of the Najd-fault system,and an E-W striking fault.It is surrounded to the north and west by metavolcanics,from east by the Jabal Dabbagh alkali granite,and from the south by monzogranite.The mineralogical composition of granitic rocks resulted in spectral variation and causes absorption features at different wavelengths in the shortwave infrared(SWIR).The newly developed band ratios were constructed from(b6+b8)/(b6–b8)in red;(b6+b8)/b4 in green,and(b7–b9)/(b7+b9)in blue,enabling the discrimination between the Ghurayyah REE-bearing peralkaline granite,Jabal Dabbagh alkali granite,monzogranite,and metavolcanics.Future work will be carried out to perform higher-resolution drone-based hyperspectral imaging for new high-resolution mapping and evaluate the existing REE deposits,emphasizing field spectral measurements to identify the spectral reflectance of REEs mineralized zones and the absorption features of monazite,columbite-tantalite,and aeschynite-(Y),coupled with rock sampling for petrographical,spectral,and geochemical analyses.These methods have great potential for locating REEs-bearing peralkaline granites in the Arabian shield and elsewhere,such as arid portions of central and western China and adjacent regions. | Reda Amer Timothy M.Kusky | 2022 | Journal of Earth Science2022，33，5： | 0 |
| 11 | Has Axial Spin Decline Affected Earth's Geologic and Tectonic History?显示文摘0 INTRODUCTION Among the rocky planets,only Earth remains active 4.5 Ga after formation.Moreover,only Earth has a chemically and structurally complex,bimodal surface with unequivocal horizontal motions.These unique plate motions are currently attributed to forces related to whole or upper mantle convection. | Anne M.Hofmeister Robert E.Criss Timothy M.Kusky | 2022 | Journal of Earth Science2022，33，5： | 0 |
| 12 | Plate Tectonics:The Stabilizer of Earth’s Habitability显示文摘Earth is the only planet known to be habitable,and is also unique with its liquid water,and the operation of plate tectonics.The geological record shows that the habitability of our planet can rapidly recover from major disasters or catastrophes,even those that cause mass extinctions.We suggest that plate tectonics,which acts as a link between the shallow and deep,is pivotal for the formation,evolution,and long-term stability of the hydrosphere,atmosphere,lithosphere,and thus life.Plate tectonics links the surface environment with the deep interior of high viscosity,low Reynolds number,low entropy,and low chaos,able to produce a strong healing effect to neutralize catastrophic events.It can transfer the bio-essential elements from the deep interior to the near-surface environment and can recycle toxic elements to the deep.This unique planetary energy and material transfer process of Earth is a continuous,slow-release,and bidirectional cycle,where a change in the surface is slowly buffered by a reaction from the deep,shaping a long-term and stable habitable environment.Therefore,it is considered that plate tectonics is the basic condition for the long-term stable evolution of the Earth’s biosphere and the stabilizer of the Earth’s habitability. | Zhensheng Wang Junfeng Zhang Keqing Zong Timothy M.Kusky Yanxin Wang | 2023 | Journal of Earth Science2023，34，6： | 0 |
| 13 | Tertiary and Quaternary Marine Terraces and Planation Surfaces of Northern Oman:Interaction of Flexural Bulge Migration Associated with the Arabian-Eurasian Collision and Eustatic Sea Level Changes显示文摘The northeastern Arabian passive margin is being subducted beneath the Zagros and Makran of Iran. A flexural bulge related to the weight of the Makran has migrated at 4 cm/a through the previously uplifted Hajar Mountains of Oman as this active convergence and collision between Arabia and Eurasia progresses, adding approximately another 500 meters of relief, and forming a series of uplifted marine terraces, alluvial terraces, and planation surfaces that record the passage of the bulge. We use a combination of field studies, remote sensing and GIS to map and better-understand these terraces, and elucidate how the tectonics of bulge migration, down-to-trench normal faulting, and eustatic sea level changes have interacted to produce the extant geomorphic features on the inner slope of the flexural bulge as it sinks into the foredeep of the Gulf of Oman. We speculate those terraces that were uplifted on the outer slope of the forebulge as it initially migrated through the passive margin(affected by ophiolite obduction in the Cretaceous) 3.75–7.5 Ma ago are now sinking on the inner slope of the forebulge(corresponding to the outer trench slope in the foredeep), and have been partly covered by Quaternary marine terraces related to a Weichselian sea level high stand. Both the Tertiary and Quaternary terraces are cut by faults related to the active collision, confirming that there is a significant risk of moderate earthquakes in the region. | Ye Yuan Timothy M.Kusky Sankaran Rajendran | 2016 | Journal of Earth Science2016，27，6： | 0 |
| 14 | 岩墙群:古地理重建的钥匙(英文)显示文摘第七届国际岩墙会议于2016年8月在北京召开.会议的主题为'岩墙群——古地理重建的钥匙'.大会认为,过去10年,学术界在岩墙群和相关单元区域地质填图,以及通过大型岩墙群等大岩浆岩省进行超大陆/古大陆重建等方面取得了重要成就.另外一些方向是未来几年有发展潜力并可望取得重大进展的领域,如(1)岩墙群/岩床群(杂岩)的侵位机制;(2)岩墙群的岩石成因、构造背景和地质意义;(3)地外星体上的岩墙群和相关建造;(4)岩墙群及相关建造和矿产资源的联系. | 彭澎 Richard E.Erns 侯贵廷 Ulf S?derlund 张拴宏 Michael Hamilton 徐义刚 Steven Denyszyn Daniel Mège Sergei Pisarevsky Rajesh Srivastava Timothy M.Kusky | 2016 | Science Bulletin2016，61，21： | 0 |
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