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| 1 | Blood glucose response after oral intake of lactulose in healthy volunteers:A randomized,controlled,cross-over study显示文摘AIM To investigate possible changes of blood glucose levels after oral intake of lactulose in healthy subjects.METHODS The study was performed as prospective, randomized, two-part study with 4-way cross-over design with n = 12 in each study arm. Capillary blood glucose levels were determined over a time period of 180 min after intake of a single dose of 10 g or 20 g lactulose provided as crystal or liquid formulation. During the manufacturing process of lactulose, impurities with sugars(e.g., lactose, fructose, galactose) occur. Water and 20 g glucose were used as control and reference. Because lactulose is used as a functional food ingredient, it may also be consumed by people with impaired glucose tolerance, including diabetics. Therefore, it is of interest to determine whether the described carbohydrate impurities may increase blood glucose levels after ingestion. RESULTS The blood glucose concentration-time curves after intake of 10 g lactulose, 20 g lactulose, and water were almost identical. None of the three applications showed any changes in blood glucose levels. After intake of 20 g glucose, blood glucose concentration increased by approximately 3 mmol/L(mean Cmax = 8.3 mmol/L), reaching maximum levels after approximately 30 min and returning to baseline within approximately 90 min, which was significantly different to the corresponding 20 g lactulose formulations(P < 0.0001). Comparing the two lactulose formulations, crystals and liquid, in the dosage of 10 g and 20 g, there was no difference in the blood glucose profile and calculated pharmacokinetic parameters despite the different amounts of carbohydrate impurities(1.5% for crystals and 26.45% for liquid). Anyhow, the absolute amount of single sugars was low with 0.3 g in crystals and 5.29 g in liquid formulation in the 20 g dosages. Lactulose was well tolerated by most volunteers, and only some reported mild to moderate mainly gastrointestinal side effects. CONCLUSION The unchanged blood glucose levels after lactulose intake in healthy subjects suggest its safe use in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. | Jasmin Steudle Christiane Schon Manfred Wargenau Lioba Pauly Susann Schwejda-Güttes Barbara Gaigg Angelika Kuchinka-Koch John F Stover | 2018 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics2018，9，3： | 4 |
| 2 | Diurnal variations in hydraulic conductivity and root pressure can be correlated with the expression of putative aquaporlns in the roots of Lotus japonicus显示文摘 | HENZLER T WATERHOUSE R N SMYTH A J CARVAJAL M COOKE D T SCHAFFNER A R STEUDLE E CLARKSOND T | 1999 | Planta1999，210，： | 1 |
| 3 | Water transport across maize root: simultaneous measurement of flows at the cell and root level by double pressure probe technique 显示文摘 | Zhu G L Steudle E | 1991 | Plant Physiol1991，95，： | 1 |
| 4 | Water transport across roots显示文摘 | Steudle E | 1994 | Plant Soil1994，167，： | 1 |
| 5 | How does water get through roots显示文摘 | Steudle E Peterson C A | 1998 | J Exp Bot1998，49，： | 1 |
| 6 | Water transport in barley roots显示文摘 | Steudle E Jesehke W D | 1983 | Planta1983，158，： | 1 |
| 7 | Water transport across roots显示文摘 | Steudle E | 1994 | Plant Soil1994，167，： | 1 |
| 8 | Water transport in plants: role of the apoplast显示文摘 | Steudle E Frensch J | 1996 | Plant & Soil1996，187，： | 1 |
| 9 | Water uptake by roots: effects of water deficit显示文摘 | Steudle E | 2000 | J Exp Bot2000，51，： | 1 |
| 10 | Water uptake by roots: effects of water deficit显示文摘 | Steudle E | 2000 | J Exp Bot2000，51，： | 1 |
| 11 | Water uptake by roots: effects of water deficit显示文摘 | STEUDLE E | 2000 | Journal of Experiment Botany2000，51，350： | 1 |
| 12 | How does water get through roots 显示文摘 | Steudle E Peterson C A | 1998 | J Exp Bot1998，49，： | 1 |
| 13 | The exodermis: a variable apoplastic barrier显示文摘 | HOSE E CLARKSON D T STEUDLE E | 2001 | Journal of Experiment Botany2001，52，365： | 1 |
| 14 | Water permeability and reflection coefficient of the outer part of young rice roots are differently affected by closure of water channels (aquaporins) or blockage of apoplastic pores显示文摘 | Ranathunge K Kotula L Steudle E Lafitte R | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 15 | Review article the exodermis: a variable apoplastic barrier显示文摘 | HOSE E CLARKSON D T STEUDLE E | 2001 | Journal of Experimental Botany2001，52，： | 1 |
| 16 | Apoplastic transport across young maize roots: effect of the exodermis显示文摘 | Zimmermann H M Steudle E | 1998 | Planta1998，206，： | 1 |
| 17 | Radial hydraulic conductivity along developing onion roots显示文摘 | BARROWCLOUGH D E PETERSON C A STEUDLE E | 2000 | Journal of Experimental Botany2000，51，344： | 1 |
| 18 | Transport of water and solutes across maize roots modified by puncturing the endodermis:further evidence of the composite transport model of the root显示文摘 | Steudle E Murrmann M Peterson CA | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 19 | Abscisic acid and hydraulic conductivity of maize roots:a study using cell-and rootpressure probes显示文摘 | Hose E Steudle E Hartung W | 2000 | Planta2000，211，6： | 1 |
| 20 | Location of the major barriers to water and ion movement in young roots of Zea mays L 显示文摘 | Peterson C A Murrmann M Steudle E | 1993 | Planta1993，190，： | 1 |
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