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| 1 | Schistosomiasis control and the health system in P.R. China显示文摘Over the last sixty years advances have been made in the control of schistosomiasis in P.R.China.There are,however,difficult challenges still to be met.This paper looks at the extent to which the health system offers a positive environment for the control of the disease.It starts by tracing three phases in schistosomiasis control:disease elimination strategy through snail control(1950s-early 1980s);morbidity control strategy based on chemotherapy(mid 1980s to 2003);integrated control strategy(2004+).Each one of these phases took place in distinct policy-making environments.The paper partly draws on these phases to set out five issues of disease control and discusses them in the context of the health system and its recent trends.These cover the policy-making process,intersectoral action for health,equity and access to health services,funding for public goods and externalities,and strengthening resource management and planning.These issues form the basis of an agenda for integrating research and capacity strengthening in the Chinese health system with a view to creating a more positive enabling environment for schistosomiasis control.In so doing it is important to emphasize the role and integrity of the public sector against its commercialization,the underlying value of equity,a systems wide perspective,and the role of advocacy. | Charles Collins Jing Xu Shenglan Tang | 2012 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2012，1，1： | 36 |
| 2 | Dendritic cell-based vaccination with lentiviral vectors encoding ubiquitinated hepatitis B core antigen enhances hepatitis B virus-specific immune responses in vivo显示文摘肝炎 B 病毒(HBV ) 的活动特定的细胞毒素的 T 淋巴细胞(CTL ) 戏在 HBV 的清理的一个占优势的角色。树枝状的房间(DC ) 是关键介绍抗原的房间并且在有免疫力的回答的开始起一个重要作用。我们以前验证了有效地编码 ubiquitinated 肝炎 B 核心抗原(LV-Ub-HBcAg ) 的那 lentiviral 向量导致成熟的 transduced DC,和成熟 DC 高效地导致了 T 房间极化到 Th1 并且产生了 HBcAg 特定的 CTL 前 vivo。在这研究,在 BALB/c 老鼠的 LV-Ub-HBcAg 的 HBV 特定的有免疫力的回答(H-2K d ) 被评估。LV-Ub-HBcAg 的直接注射增加了 cytokines IL-2 和 IFN- 的生产,这被显示出,得到了强壮的抗体回答,并且显著地产生了 IFN-+ 有在 BALB/c 老鼠的 HBV 特定的 CTL 回答的 CD8 + T 房间。另外, LV-Ub-HBcAg 的直接注射导致了有势力 anti-HBV 免疫者回答,类似于得到由的那些在 vitro-transduced DC。在结论,基于 DC 的治疗学的疫苗的 LV-Ub-HBcAg 得到了特定的抗体免疫者回答并且在 vivo 导致了柔韧的特定的 CTL 活动。 | Shenglan Dai Meng Zhuo Linlin Song Xiaohua Chen Yongsheng Yu Zhenghao Tang Guoqing Zang | 2015 | Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica2015，47，11： | 9 |
| 3 | The impact of the new cooperative medical scheme on financial burden of tuberculosis patients: evidence from six counties in China显示文摘Background:Tuberculosis(TB)patients in China encounter heavy financial burdens throughout the course of their treatment and it is unclear how China’s health insurance systems affect the alleviation of this burden under the integrated approach.This study aimed to measure reimbursement for TB services under the New Cooperative Medical Scheme(NCMS)in rural China and to evaluate changes in catastrophic health expenditure(CHE)caused by the reimbursement policies.Methods:Reimbursement data were obtained from routine data systems for the NCMS in Yichang(YC)and Hanzhong(HZ).1884 TB inpatients reimbursed by NCMS from 2010 to 2012 were included.Household surveys were conducted.A total of 494 TB patients under the NCMS were selected in this paper.12 Focus Group Discussions(FGDs)were held.We measured the impact of the NCMS by counterfactual analysis,which analyzed the financial burden alleviation.Equity was assessed by Concentration Index(CI),and disaggregated by project sites.Results:TB inpatients were reimbursed with an effective reimbursement rate of 57.3%.Average out-of-pocket(OOP)payments for outpatient and inpatient services after diagnosis were 1413 yuan and 430 yuan,and 3572 yuan and 3013 yuan in YC and HZ,respectively.The reimbursement level for TB outpatient care after diagnosis was very low due to a limited outpatient quota.TB patients in HZ incurred higher effective reimbursement rates,but the incidence of CHE remained higher.The reduction of CHE incidence after the NCMS showed no difference statistically(P>0.05).The severity of CHE was alleviated slightly.CIs after reimbursement were all below zero and their absolute values were higher than those before reimbursement.Conclusions:Low reimbursement for TB patients could lead to heavy financial burden.Poor TB patients incurred high rates of CHE.The NCMS was found to be a protective factor for CHE,but the impact was modest and the equity of CHE did not improve.The NCMS reimbursement policies should be improved in the future to include a more comprehensive coverage of care.Supplemental programs may be necessary to expand coverage for TB care. | Li Xiang Yao Pan Shuangyi Hou Hongwei Zhang Kaori DSato Qiang Li Jing Wang Shenglan Tang | 2016 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2016，5，1： | 9 |
| 4 | Access to and affordability of healthcare for TB patients in China: issues and challenges显示文摘This paper introduces the background,aim and objectives of the project entitled“China—the Gates Foundation Collaboration on TB Control in China”that has been underway for many years.It also summarizes the key findings of the nine papers included in this special issue,which used data from the baseline survey of Phase II of the project.Data were collected from the survey of TB and MDR-TB patients,from designated hospitals,health insurance agencies and the routine health information systems,as well as key informant interviews and focus group discussions with relevant key stakeholders.Key issues discussed in this series of papers include the uses of TB services and anti-TB medicines and their determining factors related to socio-economic and health systems development;expenditures on TB care and the financial burden incurred on TB patients;and the impact of health insurance schemes implemented in China on financial protection. | Shenglan Tang Lixia Wang Hong Wang Daniel P.Chin | 2016 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2016，5，1： | 7 |
| 5 | 中国农村地区女孩健康的影响因素—健康服务公平性的探讨显示文摘发展中国家的健康公平问题已经引起国际社会关注 ,性别造成的不公平在女童中更为突出。该文利用1993年及 1998年两次全国卫生服务调查结果 ,对中国儿童健康状况和卫生服务可及性指标进行分析 ,发现性别差异造成的不公平现象十分明显。在各组儿童中 ,贫困农村地区的女孩处于两个极端 :在健康状况方面 ,她们是最差的 ,而在享受最基本的卫生服务方面 ,她们却获得最少 (在患危重疾病应当住院治疗的女孩中竟有 2 8.6 %未能获得住院治疗服务 ) ,这至少也是与近年来中国 5岁以下女孩死亡率比男孩增高有关的因素之一。这个现象在发展中国家普遍存在 ,但在35个发展中国家的国家卫生服务调查中 ,由于采用一般指标 (如两周患病率 ,门诊利用率等 )却很难发现明显差异。该文使用因病卧床率及按医嘱应住院治疗却未能住的比例和患儿中未作任何处理的比例这几项比较敏感的指标进行分析 ,证明了这个事实。关于影响贫困农村地区女孩的卫生服务可及性的有关社会因素 ,本文根据因病卧床天数和卧床率这两个反映患危重疾病状况指标与医生建议住院治疗指标的强烈反差这一令人费解的事实 。 | 汪洋 Shenglan Tang 高军 Rachel Tolhurst | 2001 | 中国卫生事业管理2001，17，7： | 6 |
| 6 | Factors that determine catastrophic expenditure for tuberculosis care: a patient survey in China显示文摘Background:Tuberculosis(TB)often causes catastrophic economic effects on both the individual suffering the disease and their households.A number of studies have analyzed patient and household expenditure on TB care,but there does not appear to be any that have assessed the incidence,intensity and determinants of catastrophic health expenditure(CHE)relating to TB care in China.That will be the objective of this paper.Methods:The data used for this study were derived from the baseline survey of the China Government–Gates Foundation TB Phase Ⅱ program.Our analysis included 747 TB cases.Catastrophic health expenditure for TB care was estimated using two approaches,with households defined as experiencing CHE if their annual expenditure on TB care:(a)exceeded 10%of total household income;and(b)exceeded 40%of their non-food expenditure(capacity to pay).Chi-square tests were used to identify associated factors and logistic regression analysis to identify the determinants of CHE.Results:The incidence of CHE was 66.8%using the household income measure and 54.7%using non-food expenditure(capacity to pay).An inverse association was observed between CHE rates and household income level.Significant determinants of CHE were:age,household size,employment status,health insurance status,patient income as a percentage of total household income,hospitalization and status as a minimum living security household.Factors including gender,marital status and type of TB case had no significant associations with CHE.Conclusions:Catastrophic health expenditure incidence from TB care is high in China.An integrated policy expanding the free treatment package and ensuring universal coverage,especially the height of UHC for TB patients,is needed.Financial and social protection interventions are essential for identified at-risk groups. | Chengchao Zhou Qian Long Jiaying Chen Li Xiang Qiang Li Shenglan Tang Fei Huang Qiang Sun Henry Lucas | 2016 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2016，5，1： | 6 |
| 7 | H2S protects PC12 cells against toxicity of corticosterone by modulation of BDNF-TrkB pathway显示文摘 | Shenglan Gao Wenting Li Wei Zou Ping Zhang Ying Tian Fan Xiao Hongfeng Gu Xiaoqing Tang | 2015 | Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica2015，47，11： | 6 |
| 8 | Implementing a “free” tuberculosis (TB) care policy under the integrated model in Jiangsu, China: practices and costs in the real world显示文摘Background:In the 1990s,China introduced a“free”tuberculosis(TB)care policy under the national TB control program.Recently,as a part of a new TB diagnosis and treatment model,it has been recommended that the integrated model scale up.This paper examines whether or not TB designated hospitals in the selected project sites have provided TB care according to the national and local guidelines,and analyzes the actual practices and expenditures involved in completing TB treatment.It also explores the reasons why“free”TB care in China cannot be effectively implemented under the integrated model.Methods:This study was conducted in three counties of Zhenjiang city,Jiangsu province.Mixed methods were used,which comprised reviewing the national and local TB control guidelines,conducting TB patient surveys,collecting TB inpatient and outpatient hospital records,and conducting qualitative interviews with stakeholders.Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data analysis across counties and in order to compare patients who received only outpatient care and those who received both outpatient and inpatient care.The chi-square test and analysis of variance were performed where necessary.Qualitative data were analyzed using the framework approach.Results:Although the national TB care guidelines recommend outpatient care as a basis for TB treatment in China,we found high hospital admission rates for TB patients ranging from 39%in Yangzhong county to 83%in Dantu county.Almost all outpatient TB patients paid for lab tests and over 80%paid for liver protection drugs and around 70%paid for image examinations.These three components accounted for three-quarters of the total outpatient expenditure.For patients who received only outpatient care,the total expenditure upon completion of TB treatment was on average 1,135 Chinese yuan.For patients who received outpatient and inpatient care,the total expenditure upon completion of TB treatment was 11,117 Chinese yuan.Conclusion:The“free”TB care policy under the integrated model has not been effectively implemented in China.There has been substantial spending on non-recommended services,examinations,and drugs for TB treatment. | Xinxin Jia Jiaying Chen Siyuan Zhang Bing Dai Qian Long Shenglan Tang | 2016 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2016，5，1： | 4 |
| 9 | Tackling challenges of TB/MDRTB in China: concerted actions are imperative显示文摘China is the second largest TB epidemic with the most number of people infected with multi-drug resistant(MDR).Over the past decade,a large number of TB control projects have been funded by the government of China and international organizations,and epidemic in China has been effectively controlled.However TB control in China still faced many challenges.Strategies to address these challenges may include integrating the national TB control program into health insurance schemes,strengthening TB case management through involving the Chinese hospital in national TB control program,and reforming payment methods for TB care as part of health system reform in China. | Shenglan Tang | 2015 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2015，4，1： | 3 |
| 10 | Impact of immunization programs on 11 childhood vaccine-preventable diseases in China: 1950–2018显示文摘To evaluate the achievements of China’s immunization program between 1950 and 2018,we chose 11 vaccine-preventable diseases(VPDs)as representative notifiable diseases and used annual surveillance data obtained between 1950 and 2018 to derive disease incidence and mortality trends.Quasi-Poisson and polynomial regression models were used to estimate the impacts of specific vaccine programs,and life-table methods were used to calculate the loss of life expectancy,years of life lost,and loss of working years.The total notification number for the 11 VPDs was 211,866,000 from 1950 to 2018.The greatest number occurred in 1959,with a total incidence of 1,723 per million persons.From 1978 to 2018,a substantial decline was observed in the incidence of major infectious diseases.The incidence of pertussis fell 98%from 126.35 to 1.58 per million,and the incidences of measles,meningococcal meningitis,and Japanese encephalitis fell 99%,99%,and 98%,respectively.The regression models showed that most of the 11 diseases exhibited dramatic declines in morbidity after their integration into the Expanded Program on Immunization(EPI),while varicella and paratyphoid fever,which were not integrated into the EPI,showed increased morbidity.From 1978 to 2018,the total life expectancy for the 11 VPDs increased by 0.79 years,and similar results were obtained for different age groups.China has had great success in controlling VPDs in recent decades,and improving vaccination coverage is a key aspect of controlling VPDs in China. | Jinhua Pan Yesheng Wang Lingsheng Cao Ying Wang Qi Zhao Shenglan Tang Wenfeng Gong Lei Guo Zhixi Liu Zexuan Wen Bo Zheng Weibing Wang | 2021 | The Innovation2021，2，2： | 2 |
| 11 | Health equity in transition from planned to market economy in China显示文摘 | Jun Gao Juncheng Qian Shenglan Tang | 2002 | Health Policy And Plarming2002，，171： | 1 |
| 12 | Cooperative medical schemes in contem porary rural China显示文摘 | Feng xueshan Tang shenglan Gerald Bloom | 1995 | Social Science Medical1995，，8： | 1 |
| 13 | Reform of How Health Care is Paid for in China : Challenges and Opportunities 显示文摘 | Shanlian Hu Shenglan Tang Yuanli Liu Yuxin Zhao Maria-Luisa Escobar David de Ferranti | 2008 | The Lancet2008，372，9652： | 1 |
| 14 | Changing Access to Health Services in Urban China: Implications for Equity 显示文摘 | Jun Gao Shenglan Tang Rachel Tolhurst | 2001 | Health Policy and Planning2001，16，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Tackling the challenges to health equity in China显示文摘 | Shenglan Tang Qingyue Meng Lincoln Chen Henk Bekedam Tim Evans Margaret Whitehead | 2008 | The Lancet2008，，9648： | 1 |
| 16 | Cooperative Medical Schemes in Contemporary Rural China显示文摘 | Feng xueshan Tang shenglan Gerald Bloom | 1995 | Social Science Medical1995，41，8： | 1 |
| 17 | 乡镇卫生院管理权下放的条件初探显示文摘对乡镇卫生院管理权由县卫生局下放到乡政府的有关条件进行研究,采取召开专题小组讨论、知情者访谈等定性研究的方法,调查3个不同经济状况县的乡镇卫生院管理权下放前后的变化。结果提示,不同经济状况的地区卫生主管部门、乡镇政府、乡镇卫生院对乡镇卫生院管理权下放态度明显不同。因此,提出乡镇卫生院管理权下放的必备条件是:乡镇经济发展到一定程度;乡镇政府分管领导必须学习必要的卫生管理知识;必须具备相应的配套政策。建议乡镇卫生院管理权“上收”应因时因地、区别对待,不搞“一刀切”。 | 陈烈平 陈起燕 潘宝骏 詹绍康 刘晓云 陈菊芳 Tim Martimeau Shenglan Tang | 2003 | 中国医院管理2003，23，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Health Equity in Transition from Planned to Market Economy China显示文摘 | Juncheng Qian Shenglan Tang Bo Eriksson Erik Blas | 2002 | Health Policy and Planning2002，17，： | 1 |
| 19 | Tracking China’s health reform显示文摘 | Yan Guo Kenji Shibuya Gang Cheng Keqin Rao Liming Lee Shenglan Tang | 2010 | The Lancet . 2010 (9720)2010，，： | 1 |
| 20 | On residentsj sat- isfaction with community health ser- vices after health care system reform in Shanghai, China 显示文摘 | Li Zhijian Hou Jiale Lu Lin Tang Shenglan Ma Jin | 2012 | BMC Public Health2012，，12： | 1 |
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