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| 1 | Evolving concepts in bone infection: redefining “biofilm”,“acute vs. chronic osteomyelitis”, “the immune proteome” and “local antibiotic therapy”显示文摘Osteomyelitis is a devastating disease caused by microbial infection of bone. While the frequency of infection following elective orthopedic surgery is low, rates of reinfection are disturbingly high. Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for the majority of chronic osteomyelitis cases and is often considered to be incurable due to bacterial persistence deep within bone. Unfortunately, there is no consensus on clinical classifications of osteomyelitis and the ensuing treatment algorithm. Given the high patient morbidity,mortality, and economic burden caused by osteomyelitis, it is important to elucidate mechanisms of bone infection to inform novel strategies for prevention and curative treatment. Recent discoveries in this field have identified three distinct reservoirs of bacterial biofilm including: Staphylococcal abscess communities in the local soft tissue and bone marrow, glycocalyx formation on implant hardware and necrotic tissue, and colonization of the osteocyte-lacuno canalicular network(OLCN) of cortical bone. In contrast, S.aureus intracellular persistence in bone cells has not been substantiated in vivo, which challenges this mode of chronic osteomyelitis. There have also been major advances in our understanding of the immune proteome against S. aureus, from clinical studies of serum antibodies and media enriched for newly synthesized antibodies(MENSA), which may provide new opportunities for osteomyelitis diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine development. Finally, novel therapies such as antimicrobial implant coatings and antibiotic impregnated 3D-printed scaffolds represent promising strategies for preventing and managing this devastating disease. Here, we review these recent advances and highlight translational opportunities towards a cure. | Elysia A. Masters Ryan P. Trombetta Karen L. de Mesy Bentley Brendan F Boyce Ann Lindley Gill Steven R. Gill Kohei Nishitani Masahiro Ishikawa Yugo Morita Hiromu Ito Sheila N. Bello-Irizarry Mark Ninomiya James D. Brodell Jr. Charles C. Lee Stephanie P. Hao Irvin Oh Chao Xie Hani A. Awad John L. Daiss John R. Owen Stephen L. Kates Edward M. Schwarz Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan | 2019 | Bone Research2019，7，3： | 19 |
| 2 | Clinical evaluation of an Er:YAG laser combined with scaling and root planing for non-surgical periodontal treatment: a controlled, prospective clinical study显示文摘 | Schwarz F Sculean A Berakdar M | 2003 | J Clin Periodontol2003，30，1： | 1 |
| 3 | A novel method to hydroxyapatite objects with interconnecting porosity that avoids sintering显示文摘 | Tadic D Beckmann F Schwarz F | 2004 | Biomaterials2004，25，： | 1 |
| 4 | Vacuum-assisted wound closure for cheaper and more comfortable healing of pressure sores: a prospective study显示文摘 | Wanner M B Schwarz F | 2003 | Scand J Plast Reconctr Surg Hand Surg2003，37，1： | 1 |
| 5 | Circulatory solubleedog- lin and its predice value for preeclampsia in second--trimester pregnancies with abnorm aluterine 显示文摘 | Stepan H Geipel A Schwarz F | 2008 | Am J Obstet Gynecol2008，198，2： | 1 |
| 6 | Differential diagnosis of pyeloureteritis cystica, follicularis et granularis 显示文摘 | Hoffmann L Riedel H Schwarz F | 1980 | Z Urol Nephrol1980，73，8： | 1 |
| 7 | Genetic se lection of mutations in the high affinity K transport er HKT1 that define functions of a loop site for re duced Na permeability and increased Na tolerance 显示文摘 | Rubio F Schwarz M Gassmann W | 1999 | Journal of Biological Chemistry1999，274，68： | 1 |
| 8 | Anti-infective therapy with an Er: YAG laser:influenceon peri-implant healing显示文摘 | Sculean A Schwarz F Becker J | 2005 | Expert Rev Med Devices2005，2，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Temperature dependence of the kinetics of the acylase hydrolysis reaction by differ-ential stopped flow microcalorimetry 显示文摘 | Stodeman M Schwarz F P | 2003 | Analytical Biochemistry2003，321，1： | 1 |
| 10 | hnmunohistochemical characterization of periodontal wound healing following nonsurgical treatment with fluorescence controlled Er: YAG laser radiation in dogs显示文摘 | Schwarz F Jepsen S Herten M | 2007 | Lasers Surg Med2007，39，5： | 1 |
| 11 | Acquired anti- biotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria from food 显示文摘 | TEUBER M MEILE L SCHWARZ F | 1999 | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek1999，76，14： | 1 |
| 12 | Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) 显示文摘 | Raaschou-Nielsen 0 Andersen ZJ Beelen R Samoli E Stafoggia M Weinmayr G Hoffmann B Fischer P Nieuwenhuijsen MJ Brunekreef B Xun WW Katsouyanni K Dimakopoulou K Sommar J Forsberg B Modig L Oudin A Oftedal B Schwarze PE Nafstad p De Faire U Pedersen NL Ostenson CG Fratiglioni L Penell J Korek M Pershagen G Eriksen KT Serensen M Tjenneland A Ellermann T Eeftens M Peeters PH Meliefste K Wang M Bueno-de-Mesquita B Key TJ de Hoogh K Concin H Nagel G Yilier A Grioni S Krogh y Tsai MY Ricceri F Sacerdote C Galassi C Migliore E Ranzi A Cesaroni G Badaloni C Forastiere F Tamayo I Amiano P Dorronsoro M Trichopoulou A Bamia C Yineis p Hoek G | 2013 | Lancet Oncol2013，14，9： | 1 |
| 13 | Influence of fluores- cence-controlled Er: YAG laser radiation, the Vector system and hand instruments on periodontally diseased root surfaces in vivo 显示文摘 | Schwarz F Bieling K Venghaus S | 2006 | J Clin Pefiodontol2006，33，3： | 1 |
| 14 | CVD-diamond single-crystal growth 显示文摘 | Schwarz S Rottmair C Hirmke J Rosiwal S Singer R F | 2004 | Journal of Crystal Growth2004，271，： | 1 |
| 15 | Long-term effects of acute ischemia and reperfusion injury显示文摘 | Gueler F GwinnerW Schwarz A | 2004 | Kidney hat2004，66，： | 1 |
| 16 | Autogenous bone chips: influence of a new piezoelectric device (Piezosurgery) on chip morphology,cell viability and differentiation显示文摘 | Chiriac G Herten M Schwarz F | 2005 | J Clin Periodon- tol2005，32，9： | 1 |
| 17 | Vacuum-assisted wound closure for cheaper and more comfortable healing of pressure sores: a prospective study 显示文摘 | Wanner MB Schwarz F | 2003 | Scand J Plast Reconctr Surg Hand Surg2003，37，1： | 1 |
| 18 | The b-wave of the electroretinogram as an index of retinal ischemia显示文摘 | Block F Schwarz M | 1998 | Gen Pharmacol1998，30，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Memantine reduces functional and morphological consequences induced by global ischemia in rats显示文摘 | Block F Schwarz M | 1996 | Neurosci Lett1996，208，： | 1 |
| 20 | Tow year clinical results following treatment of periimplantitis lesions using a nanocrystalline hydroxyapatile or a natural bone mineral in combination with a collagen membrane显示文摘 | Schwarz F | 2008 | J Clin Periodontol2008，35，1： | 1 |
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