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| 1 | Controversies in fluid therapy: Type, dose and toxicity显示文摘Fluid therapy is perhaps the most common intervention received by acutely ill hospitalized patients; however, a number of critical questions on the efficacy and safety of the type and dose remain. In this review, recent insights derived from randomized trials in terms of fluid type, dose and toxicity are discussed. We contend that the prescription of fluid therapy is context-specific and that any fluid can be harmful if administered inappropriately. When contrasting ‘‘crystalloid vs colloid'', differences in efficacy are modest but differences in safety are significant. Differences in chloride load and strong ion difference across solutions appear to be clinically important. Phases of fluid therapy in acutely ill patients are recognized, including acute resuscitation, maintaining homeostasis, and recovery phases. Quantitative toxicity(fluid overload) is associated with adverse outcomes and can be mitigated when fluid therapy basedon functional hemodynamic parameters that predict volume responsiveness and minimization of non-essential fluid. Qualitative toxicity(fluid type), in particular for iatrogenic acute kidney injury and metabolic acidosis, remain a concern for synthetic colloids and isotonic saline, respectively. Physiologically balanced crystalloids may be the ‘‘default'' fluid for acutely ill patients and the role for colloids, in particular hydroxyethyl starch, is increasingly unclear. We contend the prescription of fluid therapy is analogous to the prescription of any drug used in critically ill patients. | Robert C McDermid Karthik Raghunathan Adam Romanovsky Andrew D Shaw Sean M Bagshaw | 2014 | World Journal of Critical Care Medicine2014，3，1： | 5 |
| 2 | Studies on the seasonal variations in the proximate composition of ascidians from the Palk Bay,Southeast coast of India显示文摘Objective:To investigate the seasonal fluctuations of the proximate composition of the ascidians muscle.Methods:The moisture content was estimated by drying 1 g of fresh tissue at a constant temperature at 105(?)for 24 h.The loss of weight was taken as moisture content.The total protein was estimated using the Biuret method.The total carbohydrate in dried sample was estimated spectrophotometrically following the phenol-sulphuric acid method.The lipid in the dried sample tissue was gravimetrically estimated following the chloroform-methanol mixture method.Ash content was determined gravimetrically by incinerating 1 g dried sample in muffle furnace at about 550℃for 6 h and results are expressed in percentage.Results:It was found very difficult to compare the monthly variations,as all the ten species,exhibited wide fluctuations in their proximate compositions.For the sake of convenience,average seasonal values were calculated by summing the monthly values.Conclusions:The proximate composition of the 10 commonly available ascidians showed high nutritive value and hence these groups especially solitary ascidians can be recommended for human consumption in terms of pickles,soup,curry and others after ensuring the safety of consumers. | Ananthan G Karthikeyan MM Selva Prabhu A Raghunathan C | 2012 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine2012，2，10： | 3 |
| 3 | Diffusionthrough CaSC>4 formed during the reaction of CaO withS02and 02显示文摘 | Hsia C? St Pierre GR Raghunathan K | 1993 | AIChE Journal1993，39，4： | 1 |
| 4 | Ge- nomic DNA amplification from a single bacterium 显示文摘 | Raghunathan A Ferguson HR Jr Bornarth C J | 2005 | Appl Environ Microbiol2005，71，6： | 1 |
| 5 | Delight by Deisgn:The Role of Hedonic Versus Utilitarian Benefits显示文摘 | Ravindra C Raghunathan R Mahajan V | 2008 | Journal of Marketing2008，72，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Energy-aware wireless microsensor networks显示文摘 | Raghunathan V Schurgers C Park S | 2002 | Signal Processing Magazine2002，19，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Contracting in- formation security in the presence of double moral hazard显示文摘 | LEE C H GENG X RAGHUNATHAN S | | Information Systems Research0，24，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Value of information in two levelsupply chain with product substitution显示文摘 | Ganesh M Raghunathan S Rajendran C | 2008 | IIE Transactions2008，40，： | 1 |
| 9 | The value of information shar- ing in a multi-product, multi-level supply chain:Impactof product sub- stitution, demand correlation,and partial information sharing显示文摘 | Ganesh M Raghunathan S Rajendran C | 2014 | Deci- sion supoort systems2014，58，： | 1 |
| 10 | Energy-aware wireless microsensometworks显示文摘 | Raghunathan V Schurgers C Park S | 2002 | Signat Processing Magazine2002，19，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Energy-Aware Wireless Microsensor Networks 显示文摘 | Raghunathan V Schurgers C Park S Srivastava M B | 2002 | IEEE Signal Processing Magazine (S1053-5888)2002，19，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Contracting informa- tion security in the presence of double moral hazard显示文摘 | Lee C H Geng X Raghunathan S | 2013 | Information Systems Research2013，24，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Mierostructural characterization of TiA1 thin films grown by DC magnetron co-sputtering technique 显示文摘 | Padmaprabu C Kuppusami P Terranee A L E Mohan- das E Raghunathan V S Banerjee S Sanyal M K | 2000 | Materials Letters2000，43，： | 1 |
| 14 | Energyaware Wireless Microsensor Networks 显示文摘 | Raghunathan V Schurgers C Sung P | 2002 | IEEE Signal Processing Magazine2002，19，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Investigation of mechanical properties of advanced Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy显示文摘 | Raghunathan N Sheppard T | 1992 | Materials Science and Technology1992，8，： | 1 |
| 16 | Energy- aware wireless microsensor networks显示文摘 | Raghunathan V Sehurgers C Park S Srivastava M B | 2002 | IEEE Signal Processing Magazine2002，，19： | 1 |
| 17 | Energy-aware wireless microsensor networks 显示文摘 | V Raghunathan C Schurgers S Park | 2002 | IEEE Signal Processing Magazine2002，19，2： | 1 |
| 18 | Comparative genome sequencing of Escherichia coli allows observation of bacterial evolution on a laboratory time scale显示文摘 | Herring C D Raghunathan A Honisch C | 2006 | Nature Genetics2006，38，12： | 1 |
| 19 | Generation of distributed logic-memory architectures through high-level synthesis显示文摘 | Huang C Ravi S Raghunathan A | 2005 | IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems2005，4，11： | 1 |
| 20 | Diffusion through CaSO4 formed during the reaction of CaO with SO2 and O2 显示文摘 | Hsia C Pierre G R Raghunathan K | 1993 | AIChE Journal1993，39，4： | 1 |
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