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| 1 | Growth and form of Quercus robur and Fraxinus excelsior respond distinctly different to initial growing space: results from 24-year-old Nelder experiments显示文摘Initial growing space is of critical importance to growth and quality development of individual trees. We investigated how mortality, growth (diameter at breast height, total height), natural pruning (height to first dead and first live branch and branchiness) and stem and crown form of 24-year-old pedunculate oak (Quercus robur [L.]) and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior [L.]) were affected by initial spacing. Data were recorded from two replicate single-species Nelder wheels located in southern Germany with eight initial stocking regimes varying from 1,020 to 30,780 seedlings·ha -1 . Mortality substantially decreased with increasing initial growing space but significantly differed among the two species, averaging 59% and 15% for oak and ash plots, respectively. In contrast to oak, the low self-thinning rate found in the ash plots over the investigated study period resulted in a high number of smaller intermediate or suppressed trees, eventually retarding individual tree as well as overall stand development. As a result, oak gained greater stem dimensions throughout all initial spacing regimes and the average height of ash significantly increased with initial growing space. The survival of lower crown class ashes also appeared to accelerate self-pruning dynamics. In comparison to oak, we observed less dead and live primary branches as well as a smaller number of epicormic shoots along the first 6m of the lower stemof dominant and co-dominant ashes in all spacing regimes. Whereas stem form of both species was hardly affected by initial growing space, the percentage of brushy crowns significantly increased with initial spacing in oak and ash. Our findings suggest that initial stockings of ca. 12,000 seedlings per hectare in oak and 2,500 seedlings per hectare in ash will guarantee a sufficient number of at least 300 potential crop trees per hectare in pure oak and ash plantations at the end of the self-thinning phase, respectively. If the problem of epicormic shoots and inadequate self-pruning can be controlled with trainer species, the initial stocking may be reduced significantly in oak. | Christian Kuehne Patrick Pyttel Edgar Kublin Jürgen Bauhus | 2013 | Journal of Forestry Research2013，24，1： | 5 |
| 2 | Failure prediction for advanced crashworthiness of transportation vehicles显示文摘 | Pikett Anthony K Pyttel Thomas Payen Fabrice | 2004 | International Journal of Impact Engineering2004，30，： | 1 |
| 3 | Very high cycle fatigue-Is there a fatigue limit 显示文摘 | Pyttel B Schwerdt D Berger C | 2011 | International Journal of Fatigue2011，33，1： | 1 |
| 4 | The influence of fillet rolling on crankshaft fatigue strength 显示文摘 | SCHAAL R KAISER B PYTTEL B | 2003 | Computa- tional and Experimental Methods2003，7，6： | 1 |
| 5 | Failure prediction for advanced crashworthiness of transportation vehicles 显示文摘 | PIKETT A K PYTTEL T PAYEN F | 2004 | International Journal of Impact Engineering2004，30，： | 1 |
| 6 | Failure prediction for advanced crashworthiness of transportation vehicles显示文摘 | PYTTEL T PAYEN F | 2004 | International Journal of Impact Engineering2004，30，： | 1 |
| 7 | Very high cycle fatigue – Is there a fatigue limit?显示文摘 | B. Pyttel D. Schwerdt C. Berger | 2010 | International Journal of Fatigue2010，，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Failure prediction for advanced crashworthiness of transportation vehicles显示文摘 | Pickett AK Pyttel T Payen F | 2004 | Int''l J Impact Engineering2004，30，7： | 1 |
| 9 | Failure prediction for advanced crashworthiness of transportation vehicles显示文摘 | Anthony K P Thomas Pyttel | 2004 | International Journal of Impact Engineering2004，30，： | 1 |
| 10 | Failure Criterion for Laminated Glass under Impact Loading and Its Ap plication in Finite Element Simulation显示文摘 | Pyttel T Liebertz H Cai J | 2011 | Interna tional Journal of Impact Engineering2011，38，： | 1 |
| 11 | Effects of initial planting density on branch development in 4-year-old plantation grown Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus cloeziana trees显示文摘 | Alcorn P J Pyttel P Bauhus J | 2007 | Forest Ecology and Management2007，252，： | 1 |
| 12 | Effects of initial planting density on branch development in 4-year-old plantation grown Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus cloeziana trees显示文摘 | Alcom P J Pyttel P Bauhus J | 2007 | Forestry Ecology and Management2007，252，： | 1 |
| 13 | Failure prediction for advanced crashworthiness of transportation vehicles 显示文摘 | Pikett A K Pyttel T Payen F | 2004 | International Jour- nal of Impact Engineering2004，30，： | 1 |
| 14 | Application of Different Concepts for Fatigue Design of Welded Joints in Rotating Components in Mechanical Engineering显示文摘 | Pyttel B Grawenhof P Berger C | 2012 | International Journal of Fatigue2012，34，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Failure prediction for advanced crashworthiness of transportation vehicles显示文摘 | ANTHONY K PIKETT THOMAS PYTTEL | 2004 | International Journal of Impact Engineering2004，30，： | 1 |
| 16 | Effects of initial planting density on branch development in 4-year- old plantation grown Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus cloeziana trees显示文摘 | ALCORN P J PYTTEL P BAUHUS J | 2007 | Forestry Ecology and Management2007，252，： | 1 |
| 17 | A finite element based model for the description of aluminium sheet blanking显示文摘 | Thomas Pyttel Ralf John Michael Hoogen | 2000 | International Journal of Machine Tool & Manufacture2000，，40： | 1 |
| 18 | The Influence of Fillet Rolling on Fatigue Strength-Experiment 显示文摘 | Schaal R Kaiser B Pyttel B | 2003 | Computational and Experimental Methods2003，7，6： | 1 |
| 19 | FEM SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE SHEET BLANKING显示文摘Both experiment and simulation are made on the AlMg4 . 5Mn0 .4 sheet blanking with 1 % , 10% and 20% relative clearance respectively. The cutting force curves and the cutting surface parameters which can be used to describe the quality of the blankings are measured. Simulation is accomplished by MARC Autoforge software package. Calculated cutting forces are always bigger than measured ones. All difference between experiment and simulation is not greater than 20% . It is feasible making virtual experiment on workstation to estimate the cutting force and to predict the quality of the workpiece for new material using certain blanking technical parameters. | Xu Shuqin (Institute of Material Science and Engineering,Taiyuan University of Technology) Michael (Technische Universitaet Muenchen,85747 Germany) Thomas Pyttel (ESI GmbH, Eschborn, 65760 Germany) | 2001 | Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering2001，14，3： | 1 |
| 20 | The Influence of Fillet Rolling on Crankshaft Fatigue Strength 显示文摘 | Schaal R Kaiser B Pyttel B | 2003 | Computational and Experimental Methods2003，7，6： | 1 |
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