| 1 | Gestational diabetes: A clinical update显示文摘Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)is increasing in prevalence in tandem with the dramatic increase inthe prevalence of overweight and obesity in women of childbearing age.Much controversy surrounds the diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes,emphasizing the importance and relevance of clarity and consensus.If newly proposed criteria are adopted universally a significantly growing number of women will be diagnosed as having GDM,implying new therapeutic challenges to avoid foetal and maternal complications related to the hyperglycemia of gestational diabetes.This review provides an overview of clinical issues related to GDM,including the challenges of screening and diagnosis,the pathophysiology behind GDM,the treatment and prevention of GDM and the long and short term consequences of gestational diabetes for both mother and offspring. | Ulla Kampmann Lene Ring Madsen Gitte Oeskov Skajaa Ditte Smed Iversen Niels Moeller Per Ovesen | 2015 | World Journal of Diabetes2015，6，8： | 17 |
| 2 | Variance components and correlations of female fertility traits in Chinese Holstein population显示文摘Background: The objective of the present study was to estimate(co)variance components of female fertility traits in Chinese Holsteins, considering fertility traits in different parities as different traits. Data on 88,647 females with 215,632 records(parities) were collected during 2000 to 2014 from 32 herds in the Sanyuan Lvhe Dairy Cattle Center, Beijing, China. The analyzed female fertility traits included interval from calving to first insemination, interval from first to last insemination, days open, conception rate at first insemination, number of inseminations per conception and non-return rates within 56 days after first insemination.Results: The descriptive statistics showed that the average fertility of heifers was superior to that of cows. Moreover,the genetic correlations between the performances of a trait in heifers and in cows were all moderate to high but far from one, which suggested that the performances of a trait in heifers and cows should be considered as different but genetically correlated traits in genetic evaluations. On the other hand, genetic correlations between performances of a trait in different parities of cows were greater than 0.87, with only a few exceptions, but variances were not homogeneous across parities for some traits. The estimated heritabilities of female fertility traits were low; all were below 0.049(except for interval from calving to first insemination). Additionally, the heritabilities of the heifer interval traits were lower than those of the corresponding cow interval traits. Moreover, the heritabilities of the interval traits were higher than those of the threshold traits when measuring similar fertility functions. In general, estimated genetic correlations between traits were highly consistent with the biological categories of the female fertility traits.Conclusions: Interval from calving to first insemination, interval from first to last insemination and non-return rates within 56 days after first insemination are recommended to be included in the selection index of the Chinese Holstein population. The parameters estimated in the present study will facilitate the development of a genetic evaluation system for female fertility traits to improve the reproduction efficiency of Chinese Holsteins. | Aoxing Liu Mogens Sandø Lund Yachun Wang Gang Guo Ganghui Dong Per Madsen Guosheng Su | 2017 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2017，8，4： | 6 |
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