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| 1 | Multimodal alarm behavior in urban and rural gray squirrels studied by means of observation and a mechanical robot显示文摘Urbanization of animal habitats has the potential to affect the natural communication systems of any species able tosurvive in the changed environment. Urban animals such as squirrels use multiple signal channels to communicate, but it is unknownhow urbanization has affected these behaviors. Multimodal communication, involving more than one sensory modality,can be studied by use of biomimetic mechanical animal models that are designed to simulate the multimodal signals and be presentedto animal subjects in the field. In this way the responses to the various signal components can be compared and contrastedto determine whether the multimodal signal is made up of redundant or nonredundant components. In this study, we presentedwild gray squirrels in relatively urban and relatively rural habitats in Western Massachusetts with a biomimetic squirrel modelthat produced tail flags and alarm barks in a variety of combinations. We found that the squirrels responded to each unimodalcomponent on its own, the bark and tail flag, but they responded most to the complete multimodal signal, containing both theacoustic and the moving visual components, providing evidence that in this context the signal components are redundant and thattheir combination elicits multimodal enhancement. We expanded on the results of Partan et al. (2009) by providing data on signalingbehavior in the presence and absence of conspecifics, suggesting that alarm signaling is more likely if conspecifics arepresent. We found that the squirrels were more active in the urban habitats and that they responded more to tail flagging in theurban habitats as compared to the rural ones, suggesting the interesting possibility of a multimodal shift from reliance on audio tovisual signals in noisier more crowded urban habitats [Current Zoology 56 (3): 313-326, 2010]. | Sarah R.PARTAN Andrew G FULMER Maya A.M.GOUNARD Jake E.REDMOND | 2010 | Current Zoology2010，56，3： | 4 |
| 2 | Dynamically discovering likely program invariants to support program evolution显示文摘 | Michael D Ernst Jake Cockrell William G Griswold | 2001 | IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering2001，27，2： | 1 |
| 3 | Multiple isoforms of human microtubule-associated protein tau: sequences and localization in neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease显示文摘 | Goedert M Spillantini M G Jakes R | 1989 | Neuron1989，3，4： | 1 |
| 4 | alpha-Sy- nuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementia with lewy bodies 显示文摘 | Spillantini M G Crowther R A Jakes R | 1998 | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1998，95，11： | 1 |
| 5 | α-synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies显示文摘 | Spillantini M G Crowther R A Jakes R | 1998 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1998，95，： | 1 |
| 6 | Identification of two distinct synuc leins from human brain显示文摘 | Jakes R Spillantini M G Goedert M | 1994 | FEBS Lett1994，345，： | 1 |
| 7 | α-Synuclein in filamentous inclusions of lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementia with lewy bodies显示文摘 | Spillantini M G Crowther R A Jakes R | 1998 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1998，95，： | 1 |
| 8 | Dynamically discovering likely program invariants to support program evolution 显示文摘 | Ernst Michael D Cockrell Jake Griswold William G | 2001 | IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering2001，27，2： | 1 |
| 9 | Modelling an exploited marine fish community with 15 parameters e results from a simple size-based model显示文摘 | John G P Jake C R Niels D | 2006 | ICES Journal of Marine Science2006，63，： | 1 |
| 10 | A second-look TUR in T1transitional cell carcinoma:why?显示文摘 | Jakes G Algaba F Malmstrom P | 2004 | Eur Urol2004，45，5： | 1 |
| 11 | alpha Synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementia with lewy bodies 显示文摘 | SPILLANTINI M G CROWTHER R A JAKES R | 1998 | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1998，95，： | 1 |
| 12 | Insulin-mediated down-regulation of apolipoprotein A5 gene expression through the phosphatidylinositol 3-inase pathway:role of upstream stimulatory factor显示文摘 | Nowak M Chapman AH Jake H Martin G Sandoval DD Staels B | 2005 | Mol Cell Biol2005，25，4： | 1 |
| 13 | Abnormal tau phosphorylation at Ser396 in Alzheimer's disease recapitulates development and contributes to reduced microtubule hinging 显示文摘 | Bramblett G T Goedert M Jakes R | 1993 | Neuron1993，10，： | 1 |
| 14 | Dynamically discovering likely program invariants to support program evolution显示文摘 | Michael D E Jake CI William G David N | 1999 | IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering1999，2，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Synthetic filaments assembled from C-terminally truncated alpha-synuclein显示文摘 | Crowther R A Jakes R Spillantini M G Goedert M | 1998 | FEBS Lett1998，436，： | 1 |
| 16 | Alpha-synuclein in filamentous inclusions of lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementia with lewy bodies显示文摘 | Spillantini M G Crowther R A Jakes R | 1998 | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1998，95，： | 1 |
| 17 | Low viscosity ionic liquids based on organic salts of the dicyanamide anion 显示文摘 | Douglas R M Jake G Stewart F | 2001 | Chem Commun2001，16，： | 1 |
| 18 | Abnormal tau phosphory-lation at Ser396 in Alzheimer′s disease recapitulates developmentand contributes to reduced microtubule binding显示文摘 | Bramblett G T Goedert M Jakes R | 1993 | Neuron1993，10，6： | 1 |
| 19 | Multiple isoforms of human microtubule-associated protein tau: sequences and localization in neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease 显示文摘 | Goedert M Spillantini M G Jakes R | 1989 | Neuron1989，3，： | 1 |
| 20 | alpha-Synuclein in filamentous inclusions ofLewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementiawith lewy bodies显示文摘 | SPILLANTINI M G CROWTHER R A JAKES R | 1998 | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1998，95，11： | 1 |
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