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| 1 | Organic chloramines in chlorine-based disinfected water systems: A critical review显示文摘This paper is a critical review of current knowledge of organic chloramines in water systems,including their formation, stability, toxicity, analytical methods for detection, and their impact on drinking water treatment and quality. The term organic chloramines may refer to any halogenated organic compounds measured as part of combined chlorine(the difference between the measured free and total chlorine concentrations), and may include N-chloramines,N-chloramino acids, N-chloraldimines and N-chloramides. Organic chloramines can form when dissolved organic nitrogen or dissolved organic carbon react with either free chlorine or inorganic chloramines. They are potentially harmful to humans and may exist as an intermediate for other disinfection by-products. However, little information is available on the formation or occurrence of organic chloramines in water due to a number of challenges. One of the biggest challenges for the identification and quantification of organic chloramines in water systems is the lack of appropriate analytical methods. In addition, many of the organic chloramines that form during disinfection are unstable, which results in difficulties in sampling and detection. To date research has focussed on the study of organic monochloramines.However, given that breakpoint chlorination is commonly undertaken in water treatment systems, the formation of organic dichloramines should also be considered. Organic chloramines can be formed from many different precursors and pathways. Therefore, studying the occurrence of their precursors in water systems would enable better prediction and management of their formation. | Zuo Tong How Ina Kristiana Francesco Busetti Kathryn L.Linge Cynthia A.Joll | 2017 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2017，29，8： | 11 |
| 2 | Formation and control of nitrogenous DBPs from Western Australian source waters: Investigating the impacts of high nitrogen and bromide concentrations显示文摘We studied the formation of four nitrogenous DBPs(N-DBPs) classes(haloacetonitriles,halonitromethanes, haloacetamides, and N-nitrosamines), as well as trihalomethanes and total organic halogen(TOX), after chlorination or chloramination of source waters. We also evaluated the relative and additive toxicity of N-DBPs and water treatment options for minimisation of N-DBPs. The formation of halonitromethanes, haloacetamides, and N-nitrosamines was higher after chloramination and positively correlated with dissolved organic nitrogen or total nitrogen. N-DBPs were major contributors to the toxicity of both chlorinated and chloraminated waters. The strong correlation between bromide concentration and the overall calculated DBP additive toxicity for both chlorinated and chloraminated source waters demonstrated that formation of brominated haloacetonitriles was the main contributor to toxicity. Ozone–biological activated carbon treatment was not effective in removing N-DBP precursors. The occurrence and formation of N-DBPs should be investigated on a case-by-case basis, especially where advanced water treatment processes are being considered to minimise their formation in drinking waters, and where chloramination is used for final disinfection. | Ina Kristiana Deborah Liew Rita K.Henderson Cynthia A.Joll Kathryn L.Linge | 2017 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2017，29，8： | 7 |
| 3 | Electrochemical oxidation of reverse osmosis concentrate on boron-doped diamond anodes at circumneutral and acidic pH显示文摘 | Arseto Y. Bagastyo Damien J. Batstone Ina Kristiana Wolfgang Gernjak Cynthia Joll Jelena Radjenovic | 2012 | Water Research2012，，18： | 2 |
| 4 | Analysis of halonitriles in drinking water using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 显示文摘 | Ina Kristiana Cynthia JoU Anna Heitz | 2012 | Journal of Chromatography A2012，1125，： | 1 |
| 5 | Halogen-specific total organic halogen analysis: Assessment by recovery of total bromine显示文摘Determination of halogen-specific total organic halogen(TOX) is vital for studies of disinfection of waters containing bromide, since total organic bromine(TOBr) is likely to be more problematic than total organic chlorine. Here, we present further halogen-specific TOX method optimisation and validation, focusing on measurement of TOBr. The optimised halogen-specific TOX method was validated based on the recovery of model compounds covering different classes of disinfection by-products(haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles,halophenols and halogenated benzenes) and the recovery of total bromine(mass balance of TOBr and bromide concentrations) during disinfection of waters containing dissolved organic matter and bromide. The validation of a halogen-specific TOX method based on the mass balance of total bromine has not previously been reported. Very good recoveries of organic halogen from all model compounds were obtained, indicating high or complete conversion of all organic halogen in the model compound solution through to halide in the absorber solution for ion chromatography analysis. The method was also successfully applied to monitor conversion of bromide to TOBr in a groundwater treatment plant. An excellent recovery(101%)of total bromine was observed from the raw water to the post-chlorination stage. Excellent recoveries of total bromine(92%–95%) were also obtained from chlorination of a synthetic water containing dissolved organic matter and bromide, demonstrating the validity of the halogen-specific TOX method for TOBr measurement. The halogen-specific TOX method is an important tool to monitor and better understand the formation of halogenated organic compounds, in particular brominated organic compounds, in drinking water systems. | Markus Langsa Sebastien Allard Ina Kristiana Anna Heitz Cynthia A.Joll | 2017 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2017，29，8： | 1 |
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