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| 1 | Endoscopy and polyps-diagnostic and therapeutic advances in management显示文摘Despite multiple efforts aimed at early detection through screening, colon cancer remains the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, with an estimated 51000 deaths during 2013 alone. The goal remains to identify and remove benign neoplastic polyps prior to becoming invasive cancers. Polypoid lesions of the colon vary widely from hyperplastic, hamartomatous and inflammatory to neoplastic adenomatous growths. Although these lesions are all benign, they are common, with up to one-quarter of patients over 60 years old will develop pre-malignant adenomatous polyps. Colonoscopy is the most effective screening tool to detect polyps and colon cancer, although several studies have demonstrated missed polyp rates from 6%-29%, largely due to variations in polyp size. This number can be as high as 40%, even with advanced (> 1 cm) adenomas. Other factors including sub-optimal bowel preparation, experience of the endoscopist, and patient anatomical variations all affect the detection rate. Additional challenges in decision-making exist when dealing with more advanced, and typically larger, polyps that have traditionally required formal resection. In this brief review, we will explore the recent advances in polyp detection and therapeutic options. | Scott R Steele Eric K Johnson Bradley Champagne Brad Davis Sang Lee David Rivadeneira Howard Ross Dana A Hayden Justin A Maykel | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，27： | 16 |
| 2 | B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules activate differentially the Th1/Th2 developmental pathways: Application to autoimmune disease therapy显示文摘 | Vijay K Kuchroo Mercy Prabhu Das Julia A Brown Ann M Ranger Scott S Zamvil Raymond A Sobel Howard L Weiner Nasrin Nabavi Laurie H Glimcher | 1995 | Cell1995，，5： | 2 |
| 3 | Identification of solar sources of major geomagnetic storms between 1996 and 2000显示文摘 | Zhang J Dere K P Howard R A | 2003 | Astrophysical Jouranal2003，582，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Dietary fructooligosaccharide, xylooligosaccharide and gum arabic have variable effects on cecal and colonic microbiota and epithelial cell proliferation in mice and rats显示文摘 | Howard M D Gordon D T Garleb K A | 1995 | J Nutr1995，125，10： | 1 |
| 5 | Validation and inter-comparison of three methodologies for interpolating daily precipitation and temperature across Canada显示文摘 | Newlands N K Davidson A Howard A | 2010 | Environmetrics2010，22，2： | 1 |
| 6 | Leptin prevents the fall in plasma osteocalcin during starvation in male mice显示文摘 | Goldstone A P Howard J K Lord G M | 2002 | Biochem Biophys Res Commun2002，295，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Gsx2 eontruls region- specific aetivatiml of neural stem cells and injmT-imluced neurogenesis in the aduh subventrieular zone显示文摘 | L6pez-Juarez A Howard J Ulhan K | 2013 | Gem-s Dev2013，27，11： | 1 |
| 8 | Aromatase deficiency causes altered expression of molecules critical for calcium reabsorption in the kidneys of female mice 显示文摘 | Oz OK Hajibeigi A Howard K | 2007 | J Bone Miner Res2007，22，12： | 1 |
| 9 | Structure and binding in small neutral and cationic boron cluster 显示文摘 | RAY A K HOWARD I A KANAL K M | 1992 | Phys Rev B1992，45，14： | 1 |
| 10 | The generation, of oceanic rhyolites by crustal fractionation: The basalt-rhyolite association at Volcano Alcedo, Galapagos Archipelago显示文摘 | Geist D Howard K A Larson P | 1995 | Journal of Petrology1995，36，： | 1 |
| 11 | Implementation intentions facilitate prospective memory under high attention demands显示文摘 | MCDANIEL M A HOWARD C BUTLER K M | 2008 | Mem- ory Cognition2008，36，4： | 1 |
| 12 | Methylprednisolone Effect on Brain Volume and Enhancing Lesions in MS Before and During IFN B-1 b显示文摘 | Rio A B Richer N Howard T B K | 2002 | Neurology2002，59，5： | 1 |
| 13 | Development and validation of a scale for measuring cynical attitudes to-ward college显示文摘 | Jennifer Howard Brockway Kieth A Carlson Stenven K Jones | 2002 | Journal of Educational Psychology2002，94，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Avalanche mode of motion:Implications from lunar examples显示文摘 | Howard K A | 1973 | Science1973，180，8： | 1 |
| 15 | Corn as a production system for human and animal vaccines显示文摘 | Streatfield S J Lane J R Brooks C A Barker D K Poage M L Mayor J M Lamphear B J Drees C F Jilka J M Hood E E and Howard J A | 2003 | Vaccine2003，21，： | 1 |
| 16 | The relationship between D hordein and malting quality in barley 显示文摘 | HOWARD K A GAYLER K R EAGLEST H A | 1996 | J Cereal Sci1996，24，： | 1 |
| 17 | An exploratory multi-sensor technique for quantitative estimation of stratiform rainfall显示文摘 | Gourley J J R A Maddox K W Howard | 2002 | J Hydrometeorology2002，3，： | 1 |
| 18 | Cyclooxygense-1 si upregulated in cervical carcinomas:autocrine/paracrine regulation of cyclooxygense-2,prostaglandin E receptors,and angiogenic factors by cyclooxygense-1显示文摘 | Sales K J Katz A A Howard B | 2002 | Cancer Res2002，62，2： | 1 |
| 19 | Mesosca显示文摘 | Augustine J A Howard K W | 1991 | Mon Wea Rev1991，119，7： | 1 |
| 20 | Criteria for high--level expression of a fungal laecase gene in transgenic maize显示文摘 | Hood E E Bailey M R Beifuss K Magallanes--Lundback M Horn M E Callaway E Drees C Delaney D E Clough R and Howard J A | 2003 | Plant Biotechnology Journal2003，1，： | 1 |
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