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| 1 | Spatial modeling of the carbon stock of forest trees in Heilongjiang Province, China显示文摘Heilongjiang province is the largest forest zone in China and the forest coverage rate is 46%. Forests of Heilongjiang province play an important role in the forest ecosystem of China. In this study we investigated the spatial distribution of forest carbon storage in Heilongjiang province using 3083 plots sampled in 2010. We attempted to fit two global models, ordinary least squares model(OLS), linear mixed model(LMM), and a local model, geographically weighted regression model(GWR), to the relationship between forest carbon content and stand, environment, and climate factors. Five predictors significantly affected forest carbon storage and spatial distribution, viz. average diameter of stand(DBH), number of trees per hectare(TPH), elevation(Elev), slope(Slope) and the product of precipitation and temperature(Rain_Temp). The GWR model outperformed the two global models in both model fitting and prediction because it successfully reduced both spatial autocorrelation and heterogeneity in model residuals. More importantly, the GWR model provided localized model coefficients for each location in the study area, which allowed us to evaluate the influences of local stand conditions and topographic features on tree and stand growth, and forest carbon stock. It also helped us to better understand the impacts of silvicultural and management activities on the amount and changes of forest carbon storage across the province. The detailed information can be readily incorporated with the mapping ability of GIS software to provide excellent tools for assessing the distribution and dynamics of the forest-carbon stock in the next few years. | Chang Liu Lianjun Zhang Fengri Li Xingji Jin | 2014 | Journal of Forestry Research2014，25，2： | 14 |
| 2 | Optimal management of Korean pine plantations in multifunctional forestry显示文摘Korean pine is one of the most important plantation species in northeast China.Besides timber,it produces edible nuts and plantations sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.This study optimized the management of Korean pine plantations for timber production,seed production,carbon sequestration and for the joint production of multiple benefits.As the first step,models were developed for stand dynamics and seed production.These models were used in a simulation–optimization system to find optimal timing and type of thinning treatments and optimal rotation lengths.It was found that three thinnings during the rotation period were optimal.When the amount or profitability of timber production is maximized,suitable rotation lengths are 65–70 years and wood production is 5.5–6.0 m^3 ha^(-1) a^(-1).The optimal thinning regime is thinning from above.In seed production,optimal rotation lengths are over 100 years.When carbon sequestration in living biomass is maximized,stands should not be clear-cut until trees start to die due to senescence.In the joint production of multiple benefits,the optimal rotation length is 86 years if all benefits(wood,economic profits,seed,carbon sequestration) are equally important.In this management schedule,mean annual wood production is 5.5 m^2 ha^(-1) and mean annual seed yield 141 kg ha^(-1).It was concluded that it is better to produce timber and seeds in the same stands rather than assign stands to either timber production or seed production. | Xingji Jin Timo Pukkala Fengri Li Lihu Dong | 2017 | Journal of Forestry Research2017，28，5： | 8 |
| 3 | Development of a GIS-based decision-support system of forest resource management显示文摘Based on forest inventory data and a variety of spatial data layers, including topographic maps, forest type maps, forest themes, etc., a multilevel decision-support system (DSS) for forest resource management was developed for Shangzhi National Forestry Bureau, Heilongjiang Province, China. This paper induced the procedure of the DSS development and its main functions, including displaying, cartography, dual-comprehensive querying of spatial and attribute data, GPS positioning, statistical analysis, updating resource data, etc. The applications of the DSS in resources analysis and management proved effective both in forestry bureau and forest farm levels. Traditional approaches of forest resource management were accordingly updated and the digitization of forest management was realized in deed for state-owned forest industries. The system provides a basis for rational forest management towards sustainable forestry by means of stratified management. | LI Fengri ZHAO Yinghui | 2006 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2006，49，z1： | 6 |
| 4 | Stem taper functions for Betula platyphylla in the Daxing’an Mountains,northeast China显示文摘Accurate prediction of stem diameter is an important prerequisite of forest management.In this study,an appropriate stem taper function was developed for upper stem diameter estimation of white birch(Betula platyphylla Sukaczev)in ten sub-regions of the Daxing’an Mountains,northeast China.Three commonly used taper functions were assessed using a diameter and height dataset comprising 1344 trees.A first-order continuous-time error structure accounted for the inherent autocorrelation.The segmented model of Max and Burkhart(For Sci 22:283–289,1976.http://gffzzd3cc09b8251d45dfsfkuv5pqvn6vx6b5w.ffgz.tsg.suse.edu.cn/10.1093/fores tscie nce/22.3.283)and the variable exponent taper function of Kozak(For Chron 80:507–515,2004.http://gffzzd3cc09b8251d45dfsfkuv5pqvn6vx6b5w.ffgz.tsg.suse.edu.cn/10.5558/tfc80507-4)described the data accurately.Owing to its lower multicollinearity,the Max and Burkhart(1976)model is recommended for diameter estimation at specific heights along the stem for the ten sub-regions.After comparison,the Max and Burkhart(1976)model was refitted using nonlinear mixed-effects techniques.Mixed-effects models would be used only when additional upper stem diameter measurements are available for calibration.Differences in region-specific taper functions were indicated by the method of the non-linear extra sum of squares.Therefore,the particular taper function should be adjusted accordingly for each sub-region in the Daxing’an Mountains. | Muhammad Khurram Shahzad Amna Hussain Harold EBurkhart Fengri Li Lichun Jiang | 2021 | Journal of Forestry Research2021，32，2： | 4 |
| 5 | Intra-and inter-species variations in carbon content of 14 major tree species in Northeast China显示文摘Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is one of the major challenges in combating global warming.Carbon,including in the form of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),is considered an essential greenhouse gas under human control to demonstrate success in emission reductions.However,many carbon stock quantifications in forest ecosystems still rely on the estimated 50%carbon content instead of more precise species-,tissue-and site-specific values.Thus,this study aimed to thoroughly measure and analyze the carbon content and variability using the 14 major tree species in Northeast China.Over 600 trees were destructively sampled from three different major mountainous regions(i.e.,the Changbai,Daxing’an,and Xiaoxing’an mountains),and the carbon contents of each species were precisely measured to the sub-tissue level.Carbon contents varied significantly between species,with foliage carbon mostly found to be the highest,while root carbon contents were the lowest.Average carbon contents can be ranked as:Ulmus laciniata(43.4%) | Faris Rafi Almay Widagdo Fengri Li Longfei Xie Lihu Dong | 2021 | Journal of Forestry Research2021，32，6： | 2 |
| 6 | A management planning system for even-aged and uneven-aged forests in northeast China显示文摘The most common scientific approach to numerical landscape-level forest management planning is combinatorial optimization aimed at finding the optimal combination of the treatment alternatives of stands. The selected combination of treatments depends on the conditions of the forest, and the objectives of the forest landowners. A two-step procedure is commonly used to derive the plan. First, treatment alternatives are generated for the stands using an automated simulation tool. Second,the optimal combination of the simulated treatment schedules is found by using mathematical programming or various heuristics. Simulation of treatment schedules requires models for stand dynamics and volume for all important tree species and stand types present in the forest.A forest planning system was described for Northeast China. The necessary models for stand dynamics and tree volume were presented for the main tree species of the region. The developed models were integrated into the simulation tool of the planning system. The simulation and the optimization tools of the planning system were described. The optimization tool was used with heuristic methods, making it possible to easily solve also spatial forest planning problems, for instance aggregate cuttings.Finally, the use of the system is illustrated with a case study, in which nonspatial and spatial management plans are developed for the Mengjiagang Forest District. | Xingji Jin Timo Pukkala Fengri Li | 2016 | Journal of Forestry Research2016，27，4： | 1 |
| 7 | Comparative performances of new and existing indices of crown asymmetry:an evaluation using tall trees of Eucalyptus pilularis(Smith)显示文摘Over the past 50 years,crown asymmetry of forest trees has been evaluated through several indices constructed from the perspective of projected crown shape or displacement but often on an ad hoc basis to address specifi c objectives related to tree growth and competition,stand dynamics,stem form,crown structure and treefall risks.Although sharing some similarities,these indices are largely incoherent and non-comparable as they diff er not only in the scale but also in the direction of their values in indicating the degree of crown asymmetry.As the fi rst attempt at devising normative measures of crown asymmetry,we adopted a relative scale between 0 for perfect symmetry and 1 for extreme asymmetry.Five existing crown asymmetry indices(CAIs)were brought onto this relative scale after necessary modifi cations.Eight new CAIs were adapted from measures of circularity for digital images in computer graphics,indices of income inequality in economics,and a bilateral symmetry indicator in plant leaf morphology.The performances of the 13 CAIs were compared over diff erent numbers of measured crown radii for 30 projected crowns of mature Eucalyptus pilularis trees through benchmarking statistics and rank order correlation analysis.For each CAI,the index value based on the full measurement of 36 evenly spaced radii of a projected crown was taken as the true value in the benchmarking process.The index(CAI 13)adapted from the simple bilateral symmetry measure proved to be the least biased and most precise.Its performance was closely followed by that of three other CAIs.The minimum number of crown radii that is needed to provide at least an indicative measure of crown asymmetry is four.For more accurate and consistent measures,at least 6 or 8 crown radii are needed.The range of variability in crown morphology of the trees under investigation also needs to be taken into consideration.Although the CAIs are from projected crown radii,they can be readily extended to individual tree crown metrics that are now commonly extracted from LiDAR and other remotely sensed data.Adding a normative measure of crown asymmetry to individual tree crown metrics will facilitate the process of big data analytics and artifi cial intelligence in forestry wherever crown morphology is among the factors to be considered for decision making in forest management. | Fanlin Kong Huiquan Bi Michael McLean Fengri Li | 2021 | Journal of Forestry Research2021，32，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Developing Weibull-based diameter distributions for the major coniferous species in Heilongjiang Province,China显示文摘Diameter distribution models play an important role in forest inventories,growth prediction,and management.The Weibull probability density function is widely used in forestry.Although a number of methods have been proposed to predict or recover the Weibull distribution,their applicability and predictive performance for the major tree species of China remain to be determined.Trees in sample plots of three even-aged coniferous species(Larix olgensis,Pinus sylvestris and Pinus koraiensis)were measured both in un-thinned and thinned stands to develop parameter prediction models for the Weibull probability density function.Ordinary least squares(OLS)and maximum likelihood regression(MLER),as well as cumulative distribution function regression(CDFR)were used,and their performance compared.The results show that MLER and CDFR were better than OLS in predicting diameter distributions of tree plantations.CDFR produced the best results in terms of fitting statistics.Based on the error statistics calculated for different age groups,CDFR was considered the most suitable method for developing prediction models for Weibull parameters in coniferous plantations. | Qila Sa Xingji Jin Timo Pukkala Fengri Li | 2023 | Journal of Forestry Research2023，34，6： | 1 |
| 9 | Geographically local modeling of occurrence, count, and volume of downwood in North- east China 显示文摘 | Zhen Zhen Li Fengri Liu Zhaogartg | 2013 | Applied Geography2013，37，5： | 1 |
| 10 | 植物个体大小、环境和功能性状共同决定了常绿针叶植物个体发育阶段的径向生长率显示文摘植株个体大小、环境及功能性状对于树木生长至关重要,然而在树木个体发育过程中其对树木生长的调控机制尚不清晰。本研究以中国东北常绿针叶树种红松(Pinus koraiensis)为研究对象,选择65株胸高直径(DBH)范围为0.3–100 cm的样树,测定当年的径向生长量、环境因素(光照、土壤养分和土壤水分)以及功能性状(叶、枝和根性状)。研究结果表明,径向生长率随DBH变化呈单峰模式,DBH为58 cm时达到峰值。结构方程模型的分析表明,当DBH<15 cm时,植株个体大小对径向生长存在直接的负影响,但通过增加光强而间接地促进其生长;当DBH为16–58 cm和59–100 cm时,植株大小对树木径向生长分别存在直接的正影响和负影响;当DBH<15 cm时,光照对径向生长的影响大于土壤因素,而当DBH>15 cm时,呈相反趋势;预测树木生长的最优性状随植株个体的增大依次由比叶面积转变为木质密度及细根氮含量。因此,植株个体大小、环境和功能性状共同驱动树木的径向生长,其相对影响随树木生长而变化,且树木径向生长的限制因素随树木生长由光照转变为土壤养分。 | Zhili Liu Kouki Hikosaka Fengri Li Liangjun Zhu Guangze Jin | 2021 | Journal of Plant Ecology2021，14，2： | 0 |
| 11 | Stochastic frontiers or regression quantiles for estimating the self-thinning surface in higher dimensions?显示文摘Stochastic frontier analysis and quantile regression are the two econometric approaches that have been commonly adopted in the determination of the self-thinning boundary line or surface in two and higher dimensions since their introduction to the field some 20 years ago.However,the rational for using one method over the other has,in most cases,not been clearly explained perhaps due to a lack of adequate appreciation of differences between the two approaches for delineating the self-thinning surface.Without an adequate understanding of such differences,the most informative analysis may become a missed opportunity,leading to an inefficient use of data,weak statistical inferences and a failure to gain greater insight into the dynamics of plant populations and forest stands that would otherwise be obtained.Using data from 170 plot measurements in even-aged Larix olgensis(A.Henry) plantations across a wide range of site qualities and with different abundances of woody weeds,i.e.naturally regenerated non-crop species,in northeast China,this study compared the two methods in determining the self-thinning surface across eight sample sizes from 30 to 170 with an even interval of 20 observations and also over a range of quantiles through repeated random sampling and estimation.Across all sample sizes and over the quantile range of 0.90 ≤τ≤0.99,the normal-half normal stochastic frontier estimation proved to be superior to quantile regression in statistical efficiency.Its parameter estimates had lower degrees of variability and correspondingly narrower confidence intervals.This greater efficiency would naturally be conducive to making statistical inferences.The estimated self-thinning surface using all 170 observations enveloped about 96.5% of the data points,a degree of envelopment equivalent to a regression quantile estimation with aτ of 0.965.The stochastic frontier estimation was also more objective because it did not involve the subjective selection of a particular value of τ for the favoured self-thinning surface from several mutually intersecting surfaces as in quantile regression.However,quantile regression could still provide a valuable complement to stochastic frontier analysis in the estimation of the self-thinning surface as it allows the examination of the impact of variables other than stand density on different quantiles of stand biomass. | Dechao Tian Huiquan Bi Xingji Jin Fengri Li | 2021 | Journal of Forestry Research2021，32，4： | 0 |
| 12 | Two-level optimization approach to tree-level forest planning显示文摘Background:Laser scanning and individual-tree detection are used increasingly in forest inventories.As a consequence,methods that optimize forest management at the level of individual trees will be gradually developed and adopted.Results:The current study proposed a hierarchical two-level optimization method for tree-level planning where the cutting years are optimized at the higher level.The lower-level optimization allocates the trees to the cutting events in an optimal way.The higher-level optimization employed differential evolution whereas the lower-level problem was solved with the simulated annealing metaheuristic.The method was demonstrated with a 30 m30 m sample plot of planted Larix olgensis.The baseline case maximized the net present value as the only management objective.The solution suggested heavy thinning from above and a rotation length of 62 years.The baseline problem was enhanced to mixed stands where species diversity was used as another management objective.The method was also demonstrated in a problem that considered the complexity of stand structure,in addition to net present value.The objective variables that were used to measure complexity were the Shannon index(species diversity),Gini index(tree size diversity),and the index of Clark and Evans,which was used to describe the spatial distribution of trees.The article also presents a method to include natural advance regeneration in the optimization problem and optimize the parameters of simulated annealing simultaneously with the cutting years.Conclusions:The study showed that optimization approaches developed for forest-level planning can be adapted to problems where treatment prescriptions are required for individual trees. | Yusen Sun Xingji Jin Timo Pukkala Fengri Li | 2022 | Forest Ecosystems2022，9，1： | 0 |
| 13 | Modeling Branch Length and Branch Angle with Linear Mixed Effects for Dahurian Larch显示文摘In this study,the sample data was based on 2 190 branch length and angle samples of 30 trees from dahurian larch(Larix gmeiinii) plantations located in Wuying Forest Bureau in Heilongjiang Province.The stepwise regression techniques were used to develop branch length and branch angle models:BL= b1 + b2 DINC + b3 DINC2 + b4 DBH·DINC2,BA = b1 + b2 DINC + b3 DINC2 + b4 DBH·DINC.Then,the developed models were fitted using linear mixed-effects modeling approach based on LME procedure of S-PLUS software.Evaluation statistics,such as AIC,BIC, Log Likelihood and Likelihood ratio test were used for model comparisons.The results showed that the branch length and branch angle models with parameters b1,b2,b3 as mixed effects showed the best performance.Exponential and power functions were incorporated into mixed branch length and branch angle model.The addition of the exponential and power functions significantly improved the mixed-effects model.The plots of standardized residuals indicated that the mixed-effect model with exponential and power functions showed more homogeneous residual variance than the mixed-effects model.Validation confirmed that the mixed model with calibration of random parameters could provide more accurate and precise prediction.Therefore,the application of mixed model not only showed the mean trends of branch length and branch angle,but also showed the individual difference based on variance-covariance structure. | Jiang Lichun Zhang Rui Li Fengri | 2012 | Chinese Forestry Science and Technology2012，11，3： | 0 |
| 14 | Modeling Microibril Angle with Mixed Models for Dahurian Larch显示文摘In this study,the sample data was based on 2 790 samples of 9 trees from dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) plantations located in Qitaihe Forest Bureau in Heilongjiang Province.The modified Logistic model y = b1 /[1 + exp(b2 x)]+ b3 was selected to modeling microfibril angle from six models based on nonlinear regression.Then,the logistic model was fitted using nonlinear mixed-effect modeling approach based on NLME of S-PLUS software.Evaluation statistics,such as AIC,BIC, Log Likelihood and Likelihood ratio test were used for model comparisons.The results showed that the Logistic model with parameters b1,b2,b3 as mixed effects showed the best performance.Correlation structures included compound-symmetry structure (CS),first-order autoregressive correlation structure AR(1),moving average correlation structure MA(1) and autoregressive-moving average correlation structure[ARMA(1,1)]were incorprated into the best microfibril angle mixed model.[ARMA(1,1)]significantly improved the precision of mixed model.Validation confirmed that the mixed model with calibration of random parameters could provide more accurate and precise prediction.Therefore,the application of mixed model not only showed the mean trends of microfibril angle,but also showed the individual difference based on variance-covariance structure and correlation structure. | Li Yaoxiang Jiang Lichun Li Fengri | 2012 | Chinese Forestry Science and Technology2012，11，3： | 0 |
| 15 | Assessing forest sustainability trajectory with temporal changes in timber output and ecological reserve: the case of China显示文摘We classified forest resources into four modes:high timber output and high ecological reserve(Mode T-E); high timber output and low ecological reserve(Mode T-e); low timber output and low ecological reserve(Mode t-e); and low timber output and high ecological reserve(Mode t-E). Ecological reserve is stand volume per unit area of natural forests and total area of natural forests;timber output is defined as total area of timber forests and unit area of timber production. We used this classification system to examine forest development in China between1950 and 2013. Data were acquired mainly from forest inventory statistics published by China's Forestry Administration between the 1970 s and 2013. I Information from the 1950 s was acquired from relevant literature. Our analysis suggests that China's forest resources transitioned from Mode t-E to Mode T-e during the period between the early 1950 s and late 1970 s, resulting in the destruction of both ecological vigor and timber resources. During the following 20 years, strategies were implemented to improve the ecological reserve and increase timber supply,resulting in a decline in the rate of forest degradation. Over the past decade, China's forest resources have reached Mode T-E as a result of improvements in both the ecological reserve and the timber supply. Currently, the total area of timber forests is relatively low, representing the limiting factor for improvement in overall forest functionality. Nevertheless, along with increased efforts to protect natural forests and develop fast-growing forest plantations, it is hopeful that China's forest resources will achieve a sustainable state. The four-mode TOER(timber output, ecological reserve) method introduced in this paper is a simple but an effective approach for characterizing the overall quality and quantity of forest resources. The data used for this type of evaluation are typically easy to obtain and reliable. This methodology has potential to be applied to forests in various regions and countries. | Jianwei Bai Yang Zhao Longyu Shi Fengri Li | 2018 | Journal of Forestry Research2018，29，1： | 0 |
| 16 | Erratum to: Optimal management of Korean pine plantations in multifunctional forestry显示文摘In the original publication of Fig. 11 have been the article, Eq. 14 and text in online published incorrectly version is provided in this er The correct ratum (Eq. 14; Fig. 11). | Xingji Jin Timo Pukkala Fengri Li Lihu Dong | 2017 | Journal of Forestry Research2017，28，5： | 0 |
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