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| 1 | Current concepts in the management of bisphosphonate associated atypical femoral fractures显示文摘Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs used as the mainstay of treatment for osteoporosis.Bisphosphonates function by binding to hydroxyapatite,and subsequently targeting osteoclasts by altering their ability to resorb and remodel bone.Whilst aiming to reduce the risk of fragility fractures,bisphosphonates have been associated with atypical insufficiency fractures,specifically in the femur.Atypical femoral fractures occur distal to the lesser trochanter,until the supracondylar flare.There are a number of the differing clinical and radiological features between atypical femoral fractures and osteoporotic femoral fractures,indicating that there is a distinct difference in the respective underlying pathophysiology.At the point of presentation of an atypical femoral fracture,bisphosphonate should be discontinued.This is due to the proposed inhibition of osteoclasts and apoptosis,resulting in impaired callus healing.Conservative management consists primarily of cessation of bisphosphonate therapy and partial weightbearing activity.Nutritional deficiencies should be investigated and appro-priately corrected,most notably dietary calcium and vitamin D.Currently there is no established treatment guidelines for either complete or incomplete fractures.There is agreement in the literature that nonoperative management of bisphosphonate-associated femoral fractures conveys poor outcomes.Currently,the favoured methods of surgical fixation are cephalomedullary nailing and plate fixation.Newer techniques advocate the use of both modalities as it gives the plate advantage of best reducing the fracture and compressing the lateral cortex,with the support of the intramedullary nail to stabilise an atypical fracture with increased ability to load-share,and a reduced bending moment across the fracture site.The evidence suggests that cephalomedullary nailing of the fracture has lower revision rates.However,it is important to appreciate that the anatomical location and patient factors may not always allow for this.Although causation between bisphosphonates and atypical fractures is yet to be demonstrated,there is a growing evidence base to suggest a higher incidence to atypical femoral fractures in patients who take bisphosphonates.As we encounter a growing comorbid elderly population,the prevalence of this fracture-type will likely increase.Therefore,it is imperative clinicians continue to be attentive of atypical femoral fractures and treat them effectively. | Branavan Rudran Jonathan Super Rajan Jandoo Victor Babu Soosai Nathan Edward Ibrahim Anatole Vilhelm Wiik | 2021 | World Journal of Orthopedics2021，12，9： | 2 |
| 2 | Gene overexpression/suppression analysis of candidate virulence factors of Candida albicans 显示文摘 | Fu Y Luo G Spellberg BJ Edwards JE Jr Ibrahim AS | 2008 | Eukaryot Cell2008，7，3： | 1 |
| 3 | Novel perspectives on mucormycosis : pathophysiology,presentation,and man- agement显示文摘 | Spellberg B Edwards J Ibrahim A | 2005 | Clinl Microbiol Rev2005，18，3： | 1 |
| 4 | Pulsed laser ablation deposition of yttrium iron garnet and cerium - substituted YIG films 显示文摘 | IBRAHIM N B EDWARDS C PALMER S B | 2000 | J Magn Magn Mater2000，220，23： | 1 |
| 5 | Novel perspectives on mucormycosis:pathophysiology,presentation,and management显示文摘 | Spellberg B Edwards J Jr Ibrahim A | 2005 | Clin Microbiol Rev2005，18，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Radioembolization Results in Longer Time-to-Progression and Reduced Toxicity Compared With Chemoembolization in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma显示文摘 | Riad Salem Robert J. Lewandowski Laura Kulik Edward Wang Ahsun Riaz Robert K. Ryu Kent T. Sato Ramona Gupta Paul Nikolaidis Frank H. Miller Vahid Yaghmai Saad M. Ibrahim Seanthan Senthilnathan Talia Baker Vanessa L. Gates Bassel Atassi Steven Newman Khair | 2011 | Gastroenterology2011，，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Novel perspectives on mucormycosis :pathophysiology,presentation, and management 显示文摘 | Spellberg B Edwards J Ibrahim A | 2005 | Clin Microbiol Rev2005，18，3： | 1 |
| 8 | Pulsed laser ablation deposition of yttrium iron garnet and cerium-substituted YIG films 显示文摘 | Ibrahim N B Edwards C Palmer S B | 2000 | J Magn Magn Mater2000，220，： | 1 |
| 9 | Novel perspectives on mucormycosis : patbophysiology, presentat ion, and management显示文摘 | Spellberg B Edwards J Ibrahim A | 2005 | Clin Mierobiol Rev2005，18，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Novel perspectives on mucormycosis:pathophysiology,presentation,and management显示文摘 | Spellberg B Edwards J Jr Ibrahim A | 2005 | Clin Microbiol Rev2005，18，3： | 1 |
| 11 | Novel perspectives on mu- cormycosis : pathophysiology, presentation and management 显示文摘 | Spellberg B Edwards J Ibrahim A | 2005 | Clin Microbiol Rev2005，18，3： | 1 |
| 12 | Novel perspectives on mucormycosis: pathophysiology, presentation, and management显示文摘 | Spellberg B Edwards J Ibrahim A | 2005 | Clin Microbiol Rev2005，18，： | 1 |
| 13 | Novel Perspectives on Mucormycosis: Pathophysiology, Presentation, and Management 显示文摘 | Spellberg B Edwards J Ibrahim A | 2005 | Clin Microbiol Rev2005，18，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Novel perspectives on mucormycosis : pathophysiology, presentation, and management 显示文摘 | Spellberg B Edwards J Jr Ibrahim A | 2005 | Clin Microbiol Rev2005，18，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Novel perspectives on mueormycasis : pathophysiolagy, presentation, and management 显示文摘 | Spellberg B Edwards J Jr Ibrahim A | 2005 | Clin Microbiol Rev2005，18，3： | 1 |
| 16 | The ironchelator deferasirox protects mice from mucormycosis through i-ron starvation显示文摘 | Ibrahim AS Gebermariam T Fu Y Lin L Husseiny MI FrenchSW Schwartz J Skory CD Edwards JE Jr Spellberg BJ | 2007 | J Clin Invest2007，117，： | 1 |
| 17 | Novel perspectives on mucormycosis:pathophysiology,presentation and management显示文摘 | Spellberg B Edwards J Ibrahim A | 2005 | Clin Microbiol Rev2005，18，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Novel perspectives on mucormycosis:pathophysiology,presentation,and management显示文摘 | Spellberg B Edwards J Ibrahim A | 2005 | Clin Microbiol Rev2005，18，3： | 1 |
| 19 | Deferiprone iron chelation as a novel therapy for experimental mueormyeosis显示文摘 | Ibrahim AS Edwards JE Jr Fu Y | 2006 | J Antimierob Chemother2006，58，5： | 1 |
| 20 | Novel Perspectives on mucormycosis: pathophysiology, presentation, and management 显示文摘 | Spellberg B Edwards Jr Ibrahim A | 2005 | Clin Micmbiol Rev2005，18，3： | 1 |
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