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| 1 | Models and estimators linking individual-based and sample-based rarefaction, extrapolation and comparison of assemblages显示文摘Aims In ecology and conservation biology,the number of species counted in a biodiversity study is a key metric but is usually a biased underestimate of total species richness because many rare species are not detected.Moreover,comparing species richness among sites or samples is a statistical challenge because the observed number of species is sensitive to the number of individuals counted or the area sampled.For individual-based data,we treat a single,empirical sample of species abundances from an investigator-defined species assemblage or community as a reference point for two estimation objectives under two sampling models:estimating the expected number of species(and its unconditional variance)in a random sample of(i)a smaller number of individuals(multinomial model)or a smaller area sampled(Poisson model)and(ii)a larger number of individuals or a larger area sampled.For sample-based incidence(presence–absence)data,under a Bernoulli product model,we treat a single set of species incidence frequencies as the reference point to estimate richness for smaller and larger numbers of sampling units.Methods The first objective is a problem in interpolation that we address with classical rarefaction(multinomial model)and Coleman rarefaction(Poisson model)for individual-based data and with sample-based rarefaction(Bernoulli product model)for incidence frequencies.The second is a problem in extrapolation that we address with sampling-theoretic predictors for the number of species in a larger sample(multinomial model),a larger area(Poisson model)or a larger number of sampling units(Bernoulli product model),based on an estimate of asymptotic species richness.Although published methods exist for many of these objectives,we bring them together here with some new estimators under a unified statistical and notational framework.This novel integration of mathematically distinct approaches allowed us to link interpolated(rarefaction)curves and extrapolated curves to plot a unified species accumulation curve for empirical examples.We provide new,unconditional variance estimators for classical,individual-based rarefaction and for Coleman rarefaction,long missing from the toolkit of biodiversity measurement.We illustrate these methods with datasets for tropical beetles,tropical trees and tropical ants.Important Findings Surprisingly,for all datasets we examined,the interpolation(rarefaction)curve and the extrapolation curve meet smoothly at the reference sample,yielding a single curve.Moreover,curves representing 95%confidence intervals for interpolated and extrapolated richness estimates also meet smoothly,allowing rigorous statistical comparison of samples not only for rarefaction but also for extrapolated richness values.The confidence intervals widen as the extrapolation moves further beyond the reference sample,but the method gives reasonable results for extrapolations up to about double or triple the original abundance or area of the reference sample.We found that the multinomial and Poisson models produced indistinguishable results,in units of estimated species,for all estimators and datasets.For sample-based abundance data,which allows the comparison of all three models,the Bernoulli product model generally yields lower richness estimates for rarefied data than either the multinomial or the Poisson models because of the ubiquity of non-random spatial distributions in nature. | Robert K.Colwell Anne Chao Nicholas J.Gotelli Shang-Yi Lin Chang Xuan Mao Robin L.Chazdon John T.Longino | 2012 | Journal of Plant Ecology2012，5，1： | 37 |
| 2 | Histological Subtypes of Lung Cancer in Chinese Males from 2000 to 2012显示文摘Objective To characterize the histological and epidemiological features of male lung cancer patients in China. Methods The demographic and histological information about male lung cancer patients identified from 2000-01-01 to 2012-12-31,was collected from the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Relative frequencies(RF) were estimated for major histological subtypes and compared according to the years of diagnosis and birth. Results The RF of adenocarcinoma(ADC) increased from 21.96% to 43.36% and the RF of squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) decreased from 39.11% to 32.23% from 2000 to 2012 in the 15 427 male lung cancer patients included in this study(Z=17.909,P<0.0001; Z=-6.117,P<0.0001). The RF of ADC increased from 28.72% in 2000-2004,36.88% in 2005-2008 to 48.61% in 2009-2012 in patients born after 1960. The age-adjusted RF of ADC in 2007-2012 increased consistently in all the investigated areas. Conclusion The increased RF of ADC in male lung cancer patients highlights the need for further investigation of the etiologic factors of these tumors. Smoke-free policies rather than modifying tobacco products should be enforced. | ZOU Xiao Nong LIN Dong Mei WAN Xia CHAO Ann FENG Qin Fu DAI Zhen YANG Gong Huan LV Ning | 2014 | Biomedical and Environmental Sciences2014，27，1： | 19 |
| 3 | Evolving concepts in bone infection: redefining “biofilm”,“acute vs. chronic osteomyelitis”, “the immune proteome” and “local antibiotic therapy”显示文摘Osteomyelitis is a devastating disease caused by microbial infection of bone. While the frequency of infection following elective orthopedic surgery is low, rates of reinfection are disturbingly high. Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for the majority of chronic osteomyelitis cases and is often considered to be incurable due to bacterial persistence deep within bone. Unfortunately, there is no consensus on clinical classifications of osteomyelitis and the ensuing treatment algorithm. Given the high patient morbidity,mortality, and economic burden caused by osteomyelitis, it is important to elucidate mechanisms of bone infection to inform novel strategies for prevention and curative treatment. Recent discoveries in this field have identified three distinct reservoirs of bacterial biofilm including: Staphylococcal abscess communities in the local soft tissue and bone marrow, glycocalyx formation on implant hardware and necrotic tissue, and colonization of the osteocyte-lacuno canalicular network(OLCN) of cortical bone. In contrast, S.aureus intracellular persistence in bone cells has not been substantiated in vivo, which challenges this mode of chronic osteomyelitis. There have also been major advances in our understanding of the immune proteome against S. aureus, from clinical studies of serum antibodies and media enriched for newly synthesized antibodies(MENSA), which may provide new opportunities for osteomyelitis diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine development. Finally, novel therapies such as antimicrobial implant coatings and antibiotic impregnated 3D-printed scaffolds represent promising strategies for preventing and managing this devastating disease. Here, we review these recent advances and highlight translational opportunities towards a cure. | Elysia A. Masters Ryan P. Trombetta Karen L. de Mesy Bentley Brendan F Boyce Ann Lindley Gill Steven R. Gill Kohei Nishitani Masahiro Ishikawa Yugo Morita Hiromu Ito Sheila N. Bello-Irizarry Mark Ninomiya James D. Brodell Jr. Charles C. Lee Stephanie P. Hao Irvin Oh Chao Xie Hani A. Awad John L. Daiss John R. Owen Stephen L. Kates Edward M. Schwarz Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan | 2019 | Bone Research2019，7，3： | 19 |
| 4 | Single small molecule-assembled nanoparticles mediate efficient oral drug delivery显示文摘Oral drug delivery,which requires surviving the harsh environment in the gastrointestinal(Gl)tract and penetrating the intestinal epithelium,has not bee n achieved using simple formulatio n nan oparticles(NPs).Medici nal natural products(MNPs)have bee n widely used in traditi onal medicine for disease management through oral consumption.However,most pharmacologically active compounds within MNPs do not have the properties suitable for oral applicatio ns.We hypothesize that some MNPs contain n atural nano materials that can convert those compounds into oral formulations by forming NPs.After screening 66 MNPs,we identified five classes of small molecules that form NPs,many of which are capable of efficient drug encapsulation and Gl penetration.We show that one of them,dehydrotrametenolic acid(DTA),is capable of mediating oral delivery for effective disease treatment.We determined that DTA NPs assemble through hydrogen bonding and penetra怕the Gl tract via apical sodium-depe ndent bile acid tran sporter.Our study reveals a no vel class of single comp orient,small molecule-assembled NPs for oral drug delivery,and suggests a n ovel approach to modernizi ng MNPs through nano material discovery. | Xin Yang Chao Ma Zeming Chen Jun Liu Fuyao Liu Rongbin Xie Haitian Zhao Gang Deng Ann TChen Ningbo Gong Lei Yao Pengjian Zuo Kangkang Zhi Jiacheng Wang Xiaobin Gao Jing Wang Louzhen Fan Jiangbing Zhou | 2019 | Nano Research2019，12，10： | 4 |
| 5 | Impurity analysis of gentamicin bulk samples by improved liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry显示文摘Several gentamicin bulk samples from different origins were investigated using an LC/MS method.LC equipped with ion trap MS with positive ionization was performed on a Capcell Pak C18(AQ) column with the mobile phase containing 50 mM trifluoroacetic(TFA) and methanol.Impurities present in batches of gentamicin bulk samples were elucidated and compared according to their fragmentation behavior.In total seventeen impurities present in samples,five impurities were not elucidated and two compounds were identified preliminarily.It was observed that the impurity profiles were different in samples from different origins which indicate necessity in the quality control of gentamicin. | ZHENG Chao WANG BoChu WANG MingJuan HOOGMARTENS Jos SCHEPDAEL Ann Van ADAMS Erwin | 2011 | Science China Chemistry2011，54，9： | 4 |
| 6 | Impact of a trimodal prehabilitation program on functional recovery after colorectal cancer surgery: a pilot study显示文摘 | Chao Li Francesco Carli Lawrence Lee Patrick Charlebois Barry Stein Alexander S. Liberman Pepa Kaneva Berson Augustin Mingkwan Wongyingsinn Ann Gamsa Do Jun Kim Melina C. Vassiliou Liane S. Feldman | 2013 | Surgical Endoscopy2013，，4： | 3 |
| 7 | Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers?显示文摘 | Chao C. Chen Patricia Gene Greene Ann Crick | 1998 | Journal of Business Venturing1998，，4： | 2 |
| 8 | Effect of graft source on unrelated donor haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation in adults with acute leukaemia: a retrospective analysis显示文摘 | Mary Eapen Vanderson Rocha Guillermo Sanz Andromachi Scaradavou Mei-Jie Zhang William Arcese Anne Sirvent Richard E Champlin Nelson Chao Adrian P Gee Luis Isola Mary J Laughlin David I Marks Samir Nabhan Annalisa Ruggeri Robert Soiffer Mary M Horowitz Eli | 2010 | Lancet Oncology2010，，7： | 2 |
| 9 | Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers?显示文摘 | Chao C. Chen Patricia Gene Greene Ann Crick | 1998 | Journal of Business Venturing1998，，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Participation of nitric oxide and iron in the oxidation of DNA in asbestos-treated human lung epithelial cells 显示文摘 | Chao CC Park SH Ann EA | 1996 | Arch Biochem Biophys1996，326，： | 1 |
| 11 | Dynamic Hepatitis C Virus Genotypic and Phenotypic Changes in Patients Treated With the Protease Inhibitor Telaprevir显示文摘 | Christoph Sarrazin Tara L. Kieffer Doug Bartels Brian Hanzelka Ute Müh Martin Welker Dennis Wincheringer Yi Zhou Hui–May Chu Chao Lin Christine Weegink Henk Reesink Stefan Zeuzem Ann D. Kwong | 2007 | Gastroenterology2007，，5： | 1 |
| 12 | Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Transmission and Intrauterine Growth:A Cohort Study in Butare显示文摘 | Ssu Weng Marc Bulterys Ann Chao | 1998 | Rwanda Peddiatrics1998，102，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Lipopolysaccharide/adenosine triphosphate-mediated signal transduction in the regulation of NLRP3 protein expression and caspase-1-mediated interleukin-1β secretion显示文摘 | Pei-Chun Liao Louis Kuoping Chao Ju-Ching Chou Wei-Chih Dong Chien-Nan Lin Chai-Yi Lin Ann Chen Shuk-Man Ka Chen-Lung Ho Kuo-Feng Hua | 2013 | Inflammation Research2013，，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Nonparametric estimation of Shannon’s index of diversity when there are unseen species in sample显示文摘 | Anne Chao Tsung-Jen Shen | 2003 | Environmental and Ecological Statistics2003，，4： | 1 |
| 15 | The admission systemic inflammatory response syndrome predicts outcome in patients undergoing emergency surgery显示文摘 | Anne Chao Wei-Han Chou Chee-Jen Chang Yu-Jr Lin Shou-Zen Fan An-Shine Chao | 2013 | Asian Journal of Surgery2013，，3： | 1 |
| 16 | Non-covalent functionalization of multi walled carbon nanotubes and their application for conductive composites显示文摘 | Xu Li Siew Yee Wong Wuiwui Chauhari Tjiu Benjamin Paul Lyons Sue Ann Oh Chao Bin He | 2008 | Carbon2008，，5： | 1 |
| 17 | An Overview of Closed Capture--Recapture Models显示文摘 | Anne Chao | 2001 | Journal of Agricultural Biologlcal and Environmental Statistics2001，2001，6： | 1 |
| 18 | The Petersen--Lincoln Estimator and its Extension to Estimate the Size of a Shared Population显示文摘 | Anne Chao H Y Pan Shu--Chuan Chiang | 2008 | Biometrical Journal2008，，6： | 1 |
| 19 | Femoral neuropathy: a rarecomplication of retroperitoneal hematoma caused by cesarean section显示文摘 | Anne Chao Angel Chao Chao -Jan Wang | 2013 | Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics2013，287，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Dynamic Hepatitis C Virus Genotypic and Phenotypic Changes in Patients Treated With the Protease Inhibitor Telaprevir显示文摘 | Christoph Sarrazin Tara L. Kieffer Doug Bartels Brian Hanzelka Ute Müh Martin Welker Dennis Wincheringer Yi Zhou Hui–May Chu Chao Lin Christine Weegink Henk Reesink Stefan Zeuzem Ann D. Kwong | 2007 | Gastroenterology2007，，5： | 1 |
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