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| 1 | Therapy for alcoholic liver disease显示文摘Alcoholism results in about 2.5 million deaths annually worldwide,representing 4%of all mortality.Although alcoholism is associated with more than 60 diseases,most mortality from alcoholism results from alcoholic liver disease(ALD).ALD includes alcoholic steatosis,alcoholic hepatitis,and alcoholic cirrhosis,in order of increasing severity.Important scoring systems of ALD severity include:Child-Pugh,a semi-quantitative scoring system useful to roughly characterize clinical severity;model for end-stage liver disease,a quantitative,objective scoring system used for prognostication and prioritization for liver transplantation;and discriminant function,used to determine whether to administer corticosteroids for alcoholic hepatitis.Abstinence is the cornerstone of ALD therapy.Psychotherapies,including twelve-step facilitation therapy,cognitive-behavioral therapy,and motivational enhancement therapy,help support abstinence.Disulfiram decreases alcohol consumption by causing unpleasant sensations after drinking alcohol from accumulation of acetaldehyde in serum,but disulfiram can be hepatotoxic.Adjunctive pharmacotherapies to reduce alcohol consumption include naltrexone,acamprosate,and baclofen.Nutritional therapy helps reverse muscle wasting,weight loss,vitamin deficiencies,and trace element deficiencies associated with ALD.Although reduced protein intake was previously recommended for advanced ALD to prevent hepatic encephalopathy,a diet containing1.2-1.5 g of protein/kg per day is currently recommended to prevent muscle wasting.Corticosteroids are firstline therapy for severe alcoholic hepatitis(discriminant function≥32),but proof of their efficacy in decreasing mortality remains elusive.Pentoxifylline is an alternative therapy.Complications of advanced ALD include ascites,spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,esophageal variceal bleeding,hepatic encephalopathy,hepatorenal syndrome,hepatopulmonary syndrome,and portopulmonary hypertension.Alcoholic cirrhotics have increased risk of developing hepatomas.Liver transplantation is the ultimate therapy for severe ALD,but generally requires 6mo of proven abstinence for eligibility.Alcoholic cirrhotics who maintain abstinence generally have a relatively favorable prognosis after liver transplantation. | Maryconi M Jaurigue Mitchell S Cappell | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，9： | 13 |
| 2 | Stricter national standards are required for credentialing of endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopan-creatography in the United States显示文摘Endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) is now a vital modality with primarily therapeutic and occasionally solely diagnostic utility for numerous biliary/pancreatic disorders. It has a significantly steeper learning curve than that for other standard gastrointestinal(GI) endoscopies, such as esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy, due to greater technical difficulty and higher risk of complications. Yet, GI fellows have limited exposure to ERCP during standard-three-year-GI-fellowships because ERCP is much less frequently performed than esophagogastroduodenoscopy/colonoscopy. This led to adding an optional year of training in therapeutic endoscopy. Yet many graduates from standard three-year-fellowships without advanced training intensely pursue independent/unsupervised ERCP privileges despite inadequate numbers of performed ERCPs and unacceptably low rates of successful selective cannulation of desired(biliary or pancreatic) duct. Hospital credentialing committees have traditionally performed ERCP credentialing, but this practice has led to widespread flouting of recommended guidelines(e.g., planned privileging of applicant with 20% successful cannulation rate, or after performing only 7 ERCPs);and intense politicking of committee members by applicants, their practice groups, and potential competitors. Consequently, some gastroenterologists upon completing standard fellowships train and learn ERCP 'on the job' during independent/unsupervised practice, which can result in bad outcomes: high rates of failed bile duct cannulation. This severe clinical problem is indicated by publication of ≥ 12 ERCP competency studies/guidelines during last 5 years. However, lack of mandatory, quantitative, ERCP credentialing criteria has permitted neglect of recommended guidelines. This work comprehensively reviews literature on ERCP credentialing;reviews rationales for proposed guidelines;reports problems with current system;and proposes novel criteria for competency. This work advocates for mandatory, national, written,minimum, quantitative, standards, including cognitive skills(possibly assessed by a nationwide examination), and technical skills, assessed by number performed(≥ 200-250 ERCPs), types of ERCPs, success rate(approximately ≥ 90%cannulation of desired duct), and letters of recommendation by program director/ERCP mentor. Mandatory criteria should ideally not be monitored by a hospital committee subjected to intense politicking by applicants, their employers, and sometimes even competitors, but an independent national entity,like the National Board of Medical Examiners/American Board of Internal Medicine. | Mitchell S Cappell David M Friedel | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，27： | 7 |
| 3 | Sedation and analgesia for gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy显示文摘 | Cappell M S | 2006 | Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am2006，16，： | 1 |
| 4 | A study of 10 medical centres of the safety and efficacy of 48 flexible sigmoidoscopies and 8 colonoscupies during pregnancy with follow-up of fetal outcome and with comparison to control groups显示文摘 | Cappell M S Colon V J Sidhom O A | 1996 | Dig Dis Sci1996，41，12： | 1 |
| 5 | Radiologie diag- nosis and treatment of gastrointestinal hemorrhage and ischemia 显示文摘 | Lefkovitz Z Cappell M S Lookstein R | 2002 | Med Clin North Am2002，86，6： | 1 |
| 6 | Bladder urothelial carcinoma extending to rectal mucosa and presenting with rectal bleeding显示文摘An 87-year-old-man with prostate-cancer-stage-T1cGleason-6 treated with radiotherapy in 1996, recurrent prostate cancer treated with leuprolide hormonal therapy in 2009, and bladder-urothelial-carcinoma in situ treated with Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin and adriamycin in 2010, presented in 2015 with painless, bright red blood per rectum coating stools daily for 5 mo. Rectal examination revealed bright red blood per rectum; and a hard, fixed, 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm mass at the normal prostate location. The hemoglobin was 7.6 g/d L(iron saturation = 8.4%,indicating iron-deficiency-anemia). AbdominopelvicCT-angiography revealed focal wall thickening at the bladder neck; a mass containing an air cavity replacing the normal prostate; and adjacent rectal invasion. Colonoscopy demonstrated an ulcerated, oozing, multinodular, friable, 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm mass in anterior rectal wall, at the usual prostate location. Histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of colonoscopic biopsies of the mass revealed poorly-differentiatedcarcinoma of urothelial origin. At visceral angiography, the right-superior-rectal-artery was embolized to achieve hemostasis. The patient subsequently developed multiple new metastases and expired 13 mo postembolization. Comprehensive literature review revealed 16 previously reported cases of rectal involvement from bladder urothelial carcinoma, including 11 cases from direct extension and 5 cases from metastases. Patient age averaged 63.7 ± 9.6 years(all patients male). Rectal involvement was diagnosed on average 13.5 ± 11.8 mo after initial diagnosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma. Symptoms included constipation/gastrointestinal obstruction-6, weight loss-5, diarrhea-3, anorexia-3, pencil thin stools-3, tenesmus-2, anorectal pain-2, and other-5. Rectal examination in 9 patients revealed annular rectal constriction-6, and rectal mass-3. The current patient had the novel presentation of daily bright red blood per rectum coating the stools simulating hemorrhoidal bleeding; the novel mechanism of direct bladder urothelial carcinoma extension into rectal mucosa via the prostate; and the novel aforementioned colonoscopic findings underlying the clinical presentation. | Andrew M Aneese Vinayata Manuballa Mitual Amin Mitchell S Cappell | 2017 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2017，9，6： | 1 |
| 7 | 查看详情显示文摘 | Cappel U.B Smeigh A.L Plogmaker S Johansson E.M.J. Rensmo H.K. Hammarstr(o)m L. Hagfeldt A. Boschloo G | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 8 | Competitive strategies and business performance within the retailing industry 显示文摘 | Helms M M Haynes P J Cappel S D | 1992 | International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management1992，20，5： | 1 |
| 9 | Competitive strategies and business performance within the retailing in- dustry 显示文摘 | HELMS M M HAYNES P J CAPPEL S D | 1992 | International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management1992，20，5： | 1 |
| 10 | Sedation and analgesia for gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy 显示文摘 | Cappell M S | 2006 | Gastrointest Endose Clin N Am2006，16，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: endoscopic diagnosis and therapy显示文摘 | Cappell M S Friedel D | 2008 | Med Clin North Am2008，92，3： | 1 |
| 12 | Emerging fermentation technologies:development of novel sourdoughs显示文摘 | LACAZE G WICK M CAPPELLE S | 2007 | Food Microbiology2007，24，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Diagnosis and treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated upper gastrointestinal toxicity 显示文摘 | CAPPELL M S SCHEIN J R | 2000 | Gastroenterol Clin North Am2000，29，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Hormonealregulation of granulose cell in hibin biosynthesis显示文摘 | Bicsak T A Tucker E M Cappel S | 1989 | Endocrinology1989，119，6： | 1 |
| 15 | Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: endoscopic diagnosis and therapy显示文摘 | CAPPELL M S FRIEDEL D | 2008 | Med Clin North Am2008，92，3： | 1 |
| 16 | From colonic polyps to colon cancer: pathophysi- ology, clinical presentation, screening and colonoscopic therapy 显示文摘 | CAPPELL M S | 2007 | Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol2007，53，4： | 1 |
| 17 | Recombinant environmental libraries provide access to microbial diversity for drug discovery from natural products显示文摘 | COURTOIS S CAPPEL'LANO C M BALL M | 2003 | Applied and Environmental Microbiology2003，69，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Reducing the incidence and mortality of colon cancer mass screening and colonoseopic polypectomy显示文摘 | CAPPELL M S | 2008 | Gastroenterol Clin North Am2008，37，： | 1 |
| 19 | Risk factors and risk reduction of malignant seeding of the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy track from pharyngo-esophageal malignancy a review of all 44 known reported cases 显示文摘 | Cappell M S | 2007 | Am J Gastroenterol2007，102，6： | 1 |
| 20 | Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: endoscopic diagnosis and therapy显示文摘 | Cappell M S Friedel D | 2008 | Medical Clinics of North America2008，92，3： | 1 |
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