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| 1 | Using Landsat images to monitor changes in the snow-covered area of selected glaciers in northern Pakistan显示文摘Landsat satellite images were used to map and monitor the snow-covered areas of four glaciers with different aspects(Passu: 36.473°N, 74.766°E;Momhil: 36.394°N, 75.085°E; Trivor: 36.249°N,74.968°E; and Kunyang: 36.083°N, 75.288°E) in the upper Indus basin, northern Pakistan, from 1990-2014. The snow-covered areas of the selected glaciers were identified and classified using supervised and rule-based image analysis techniques in three different seasons. Accuracy assessment of the classified images indicated that the supervised classification technique performed slightly better than the rule-based technique. Snow-covered areas on the selected glaciers were generally reduced during the study period but at different rates. Glaciers reached maximum areal snow coverage in winter and premonsoon seasons and minimum areal snow coverage in monsoon seasons, with the lowest snow-covered area occurring in August and September. The snowcovered area on Passu glacier decreased by 24.50%,3.15% and 11.25% in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Similarly, the other three glaciers showed notable decreases in snow-covered area during the pre-and post-monsoon seasons; however, no clear changes were observed during monsoon seasons. During pre-monsoon seasons, the eastward-facing glacier lost comparatively more snow-covered area than the westward-facing glacier. The average seasonal glacier surface temperature calculated from the Landsat thermal band showed negative correlations of-0.67,-0.89,-0.75 and-0.77 with the average seasonal snowcovered areas of the Passu, Momhil, Trivor and Kunyang glaciers, respectively, during pre-monsoon seasons. Similarly, the air temperature collected from a nearby meteorological station showed an increasing trend, indicating that the snow-covered area reduction in the region was largely due to climate warming. | Chaman GUL KANG Shi-chang Badar GHAURI Mateeul HAQ Sher MUHAMMAD Shaukat ALI | 2017 | Journal of Mountain Science2017，14，10： | 4 |
| 2 | Kinetic models of natural gas combustion in an internal combustion engine显示文摘In this study, combustion of methane was simulated using four kinetic models of methane in CHEMKIN 4.1.1 for 0-D closed internal combustion (IC) engine reactor. Two detailed (GRIMECH3.0 & UBC MECH2.0) and two reduced (One step & Four steps) models were examined for various IC engine designs. The detailed models (GRIMECH3.0, & UBC MECH2.0) and 4-step models successfully predicted the combustion while global model was unable to predict any combustion reaction. This study illustrated that the detailed model showed good concordances in the prediction of chamber pressure, temperature and major combustion species profiles. The detailed models also exhibited the capabilities to predict the pollutants formation in an IC engine while the reduced schemes showed failure in the prediction of pollutants emissions. Although, there are discrepancies among the profiles of four considered model, the detailed models (GRIMECH3.0 & UBC MECH2.0) produced the acceptable agreement in the species prediction and formation of pollutants. | M. Mansha A. R Saleemi Badar M. Ghauri | 2010 | Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry2010，19，1： | 2 |
| 3 | Prediction and measurement of pollutant emissions in CNG fired internal combustion engine显示文摘In the present study, the detailed reaction mechanisms were developed and Chemkin 4.1.1 was implemented to predict the formation of pollutant species in compressed natural gas (CNG) fired internal combustion (IC) engine. The proposed mechanisms were developed by coupling the EXGAS (an automatic mechanism generation tool for alkane oxidation) mechanisms with the Leed's NOx mechanism (version 2.0). The simulation results of each proposed mechanism were validated by the experimental measurements for profiles of temperature, pressure and pollutant species (CO, NOx). The rate of production analysis of each mechanism identified the important reactions in each mechanism which contributed to the formation of pollutant species. In spite of some discrepancies, the experimental measurements indicate that Mechanism-IV (consisting of 208 reactions and 78 species) showed closer agreement for each of the predicted profiles of temperature, pressure and pollutant species (CO, NOx). | M. Mansha A. R. Saleemt Javed S. H Badar M. Ghauri | 2010 | Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry2010，19，5： | 1 |
| 4 | Characterization and source apportionment of ambient air particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) in Karachi显示文摘 | M. Mansha Badar Ghauri Said Rahman Arif Amman | 2011 | Science of the Total Environment2011，，： | 1 |
| 5 | Gaseous and aerosol pollutants during fog and clear episodes in South Asian urban atmosphere显示文摘 | K.F. Biswas Badar M. Ghauri Liaquat Husain | 2008 | Atmospheric Environment2008，，33： | 1 |
| 6 | An assessment of air quality in Karachi, Pakistan显示文摘 | Badar Ghauri Manzar Salam M. Ishaq Mirza | 1994 | Environmental Monitoring and Assessment1994，，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Characterization of cytotoxicity of airborne particulates from urban areas of Lahore显示文摘A number of species (organic and inorganic) in airborne particulates cause the toxicity to living being. The potential of in vitro test methods were explored for toxicity assessment of trace toxic elements (inorganic species) present in ambient air on human being (lungs). A year long sampling of airborne particles (PM 2.5 ) was carried (April 2008 to March 2009) in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of thirty nine samples were collected on 47 mm Zefluor Teflon filter membranes and each was analysed to characterize for the elements: Sb, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Pb, Mn, Hg using ICP-MS in water extract and total acid digestate. The samples cytotoxicity was also established using lung derived cells and MTS colorimetric assays. This generated dose response curves and IC 50 values for the elemental mixtures identified on the Teflon filter membrane. The results indicated that even at low concentrations airborne elemental mixtures displayed an additive toxic effect. | Badar Ghauri M.Mansha Christian Khalil | 2012 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2012，24，11： | 1 |
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