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| 1 | 未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者管理指南美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会针对医疗专业人员的指南显示文摘目的这份更新版指南旨在为未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者的管理提供全面的循证建议。方法写作组采用系统文献回顾(1977年1月至2014年6月),参考同期已发表的循证指南、个人文件和专家意见来总结现有的证据,指出现有知识的差距;如果合适,则根据美国心脏协会( American Heart Association, AHA)标准做出推荐。本指南经过了包括卒中委员会领导层以及AHA科学声明监督委员会在内的广泛同行评议,然后由AHA科学咨询和协调委员会审批通过。结果本指南对未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者的医疗诊治提出了循证建议,涉及临床表现、自然史、流行病学、危险因素、筛查、诊断、影像学以及手术和血管内治疗的转归。 | B. Gregory Thompson Robert D. Brown Sepideh Amin-Hanjani Joseph P. Broderick Kevin M. Cockroft E. Sander Connolly Gary R. Duckwiler Catherine C. Harris Virginia J. Howard S. Claiborne (Clay) Johnston Philip M. Meyers Andrew Molyneux Christopher S. Ogilvy Andrew J. Ringer James Torner 肖国栋 徐加平 石际俊 尤寿江 张霞 刘慧慧 曹勇军 | 2015 | 国际脑血管病杂志2015，23，8： | 127 |
| 2 | Choledocholithiasis: Evolving standards for diagnosis and management显示文摘胆石病,导致外科的干预的最普通的医药条件之一,在美国影响成年人口的约 10 % 。胆总管石病与胆囊石头在大约病人的 10%-20% 发展,文学建议至少经历胆囊炎的病人的 3%-10% 将有胆总管(CBD ) 石头。CBD 石头可以外科手术前地, intraoperatively 或手术后地被发现多重形式为包括实验室测试,超声,计算断层摄影术扫描(CT ) ,和磁性的回声 cholangiopancreatography (MRCP ) 为胆总管石病估计病人是可得到的。Intraoperative 胆管造影术能习惯性地或有选择地在胆囊炎期间被使用诊断 CBD 石头。为 CBD 石头的最普通的干预是 ERCP。另外的通常使用的干预包括 intraoperative 胆汁管探索,任何一个 laparoscopic 或 open。经皮, transhepatic 石头移动胆汁的清理的另外的新奇技术被设计了。与这些技术灵巧的设备和有技能的专业人员的可获得性在机构之中变化。预定干预被临床的状况经常支配。 | Marilee L Freitas Robert L Bell Andrew J Duffy | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，20： | 30 |
| 3 | 全髋关节置换术后血栓预防 使用便携式加压器或低分子量肝素的前瞻性随机对照研究显示文摘背景:血栓栓塞性疾病是全髋关节置换术后常见的并发症。本研究的目的在于比较新型便携式加压器与低分子量肝素在静脉血栓预防中的安全性和有效性。方法:全髋置换患者随机接受为期10d便携式加压器或者低分子量肝素预防治疗。术中开始使用加压器,并且这组患者在术后日服81mg的阿司匹林。使用肝素者,术后12-24h开始注射低分子量肝素。在10-12d后,所有患者行多普勒超声筛查双下肢小腿、大腿部深静脉血栓;有肺栓塞临床症状的患者均接受肺部螺旋CT扫描评价。记录两组出血和于预性治疗情况(即:依从性)。术后12周进行深静脉血栓和肺栓塞证据的临床评估。结果:410例患者(414髋)进行随机化分组;392例患者(395髋)进行手术安全性评估,386例(389髋)治疗结果有效。两组间的一般临床情况无差异。加压组严重出血发生率O%,低分子量肝素组6%。加压组远端和近端深静脉血栓发生率分别为3%、2%,肝素组3%、1%。肺栓塞发生率加压组1%,肝素组1%,无致命性肺栓塞。随访12周,1例加压组患者出现两项事件(深静脉血栓和肺栓塞),该患者术后第12天多普勒超声检查阴性。在静脉血栓栓塞预防上两组比较无明显差异。结论:全髋置换术后静脉血栓栓塞预防,便携式加压器与低分子量肝素比较,可明显减少严重出血。 | CliffordW. Colwell Jr. Mark I. Froimson Michael A.Mont Merrill A. Ritter Robert T. Trousdale Knute C. Buehler Andrew Spitzer Thomas K. Donaldson Douglas E. Padgett 勘武生(译) | 2010 | 中华骨科杂志2010，30，6： | 24 |
| 4 | Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to predict response of hepatocellular carcinoma to chemoembolization显示文摘AIM: To investigate whether intra-procedural diffusion- weighted magnetic resonance imaging can predict response of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during trans- catheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). METHODS: Sixteen patients (15 male), aged 59 ±11 years (range: 42-81 years) underwent a total of 21 separate treatments for unresectable HCC in a hybrid magnetic resonance/interventional radiology suite. Ana- tomical imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging (b = 0, 500 s/mm2) were performed on a 1.5-T unit. Tumor enhancement and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC, mm2/s) values were assessed immediately before and at 1 and 3 mo after TACE. We calculated the percent change (PC) in ADC values at all time points. We compared follow-up ADC values to baseline values using a paired t test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The intra-procedural sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (%) for detecting a complete or partial 1-mo tumor response using ADC PC thresholds of ±5%, ±10%, and ±15% were 77, 67, 91, and 40; 54, 67, 88, and 25; and 46, 100, 100, and 30, respectively. There was no clear predictive value for the 3-mo follow-up. Compared to baseline, the immediate post-procedure and 1-mo mean ADC values both increased; the latter obtaining statistical significance (1.48 ± 0.29 mm2/s vs 1.65 ± 0.35 × 10-3 mm2/s, P < 0.014). CONCLUSION: Intra-procedural ADC changes of > 15% predicted 1-mo anatomical HCC response with the greatest accuracy, and can provide valuable feedback at the time of TACE. | Johnathan C Chung Neel K Naik Robert J Lewandowski Mary F Mulcahy Laura M Kulik Kent T Sato Robert K Ryu Riad Salem Andrew C Larson Reed A Omary | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，25： | 13 |
| 5 | EMT and Dissemination Precede Pancreatic Tumor Formation显示文摘 | Andrew D. Rhim Emily T. Mirek Nicole M. Aiello Anirban Maitra Jennifer M. Bailey Florencia McAllister Maximilian Reichert Gregory L. Beatty Anil K. Rustgi Robert H. Vonderheide Steven D. Leach Ben Z. Stanger | 2012 | Cell2012，，1： | 13 |
| 6 | Factors associated with incomplete small bowel capsule endoscopy studies显示文摘AIM:To identify patient risk factors associated with incomplete small bowel capsule endoscopy(CE) studies.METHODS:Data from all CE procedures performed at St.Paul's Hospital in Vancouver,British Columbia,Canada,between December 2001 and June 2008 were collected and analyzed on a retrospective basis.Data collection for complete and incomplete CE study groups included patient demographics as well as a number of potential risk factors for incomplete CE including indication for the procedure,hospitalization,diabetes mellitus with or without end organ damage,limitations in mobility,renal insufficiency,past history of bowel obstruction,abdominal surgery,abdominal radiation therapy and opiate use.Risk factors were analyzed using a univariable and multivariable logistic regression model.RESULTS:From a total of 535 CE procedures performed,158 were incomplete(29.5%).The univariable analysis showed that CE procedures performed for overt gastrointestinal bleeding(P = 0.002),and for patients with a prior history of abdominal surgery(P = 0.023) or bowel obstruction(P = 0.023) were significantly associated with incomplete CE studies.Patients on opiate medications(P = 0.094) as well as hospitalized patients(P = 0.054) were not statistically significant,but did show a trend towards incomplete CE.The multivariable analysis showed that independent risk factors for an incomplete CE procedure include prior history of bowel obstruction [odds ratios(OR) 2.77,P = 0.02,95% confidence intervals(CI):1.17-6.56] and procedures performed for gastrointestinal bleeding(Occult OR 2.04,P = 0.037,95% CI:1.04-4.02 and Overt OR 2.69,P = 0.002,95% CI:1.44-5.05).Patients with a prior history of abdominal surgery(OR 1.46,P = 0.068,95% CI:0.97-2.19),those taking opiate medications(OR 1.54,P = 0.15,95% CI:0.86-2.76) and hospitalized patients(OR 1.82,P = 0.124,95% CI:0.85-3.93) showed a trend towards statistical significance.CONCLUSION:We have identified a number of risk factors for incomplete CE procedures that can be used to risk-stratify patients and guide interventions to improve completion rates. | Mitchell M Lee Andrew Jacques Eric Lam Ricky Kwok Pardis Lakzadeh Ajit Sandhar Brandon Segal Sigrid Svarta Joanna Law Robert Enns | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，42： | 10 |
| 7 | Current Status and Future Challenges of Weather Radar Polarimetry: Bridging the Gap between Radar Meteorology/Hydrology/Engineering and Numerical Weather Prediction显示文摘After decades of research and development, the WSR-88 D(NEXRAD) network in the United States was upgraded with dual-polarization capability, providing polarimetric radar data(PRD) that have the potential to improve weather observations,quantification, forecasting, and warnings. The weather radar networks in China and other countries are also being upgraded with dual-polarization capability. Now, with radar polarimetry technology having matured, and PRD available both nationally and globally, it is important to understand the current status and future challenges and opportunities. The potential impact of PRD has been limited by their oftentimes subjective and empirical use. More importantly, the community has not begun to regularly derive from PRD the state parameters, such as water mixing ratios and number concentrations, used in numerical weather prediction(NWP) models.In this review, we summarize the current status of weather radar polarimetry, discuss the issues and limitations of PRD usage, and explore potential approaches to more efficiently use PRD for quantitative precipitation estimation and forecasting based on statistical retrieval with physical constraints where prior information is used and observation error is included. This approach aligns the observation-based retrievals favored by the radar meteorology community with the model-based analysis of the NWP community. We also examine the challenges and opportunities of polarimetric phased array radar research and development for future weather observation. | Guifu ZHANG Vivek N.MAHALE Bryan J.PUTNAM Youcun QI Qing CAO ANDrew D.BYRD Petar BUKOVCIC Dusan S.ZRNIC Jidong GAO Ming XUE Youngsun JUNG Heather D.REEVES Pamela L.HEINSELMAN AlexANDer RYZHKOV Robert D.PALMER Pengfei ZHANG Mark WEBER Greg M.MCFARQUHAR Berrien MOORE III Yan ZHANG Jian ZHANG J.VIVEKANANDAN Yasser AL-RASHID Richard L.ICE Daniel S.BERKOWITZ Chong-chi TONG Caleb FULTON Richard J.DOVIAK | 2019 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2019，36，6： | 9 |
| 8 | Evolution of surgical skills training显示文摘外科的训练正在变化:100 年传统被法律、道德的担心为耐心的安全,工作小时限制,手术室时间的费用,和复杂并发症正在质问。训练的外科的模拟和技巧提供一个机会在在生活病人上尝试他们前在手术室环境外面教并且练习先进技巧。当使用真实仪器和录像设备操作在一个盒子训练员模仿了“织物”,模拟训练能向前是同样直的。更先进的、虚拟现实模拟器现在为普遍使用可得到、准备好了。早系统表明了他们的有效性和歧视的能力。更新的系统启用全面课程和完整的程序的模拟的开发。医药教育是的毕业生的认证委员会(ACGME ) 要求了训练和评估的新奇方法的发展。外科的组织正在打电话让方法保证技巧的维护,并且,进展 surgical 训练信任外科医生作为技术上能干。在他们的当前的形式的模拟器被表明了改进外科的居民的手术室表演。训练课程标准化的开发仍然是一个迫切、重要的议程,特别地为最小的侵略外科。一条创新、进步的途径,从航空的域借经验,能为外科的训练的下一个世纪提供基础,保证产品的质量。当技术发展,我们练习的方法将继续演变,到医生和病人的利益。 | Kurt E Roberts Robert L Bell Andrew J Duffy | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，20： | 8 |
| 9 | Screening and Surveillance for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer and Adenomatous Polyps, 2008: A Joint Guideline From the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology显示文摘 | Bernard Levin David A. Lieberman Beth McFarland Kimberly S. Andrews Durado Brooks John Bond Chiranjeev Dash Francis M. Giardiello Seth Glick David Johnson C. Daniel Johnson Theodore R. Levin Perry J. Pickhardt Douglas K. Rex Robert A. Smith Alan Thorson S | 2008 | Gastroenterology2008，，5： | 8 |
| 10 | 家庭医生提供更多综合性医疗服务与更低医疗费用及更少住院率有关显示文摘1引言〈br〉 2009年患者保护与平价医疗法案(ACA)开始再次关注基层医疗及其在实现美国三重目标--人群健康改善、医疗服务改进、医疗费用降低方面的作用。考虑到美国人口的老龄化、人口数目的增长及参保人口的增多,数十年的证据支持基层医疗具备改善已超过整体经济增长数十年且仍可能继续增长的医疗费用状况的潜能。在已明确的基层医疗特征里,医疗的综合性或其覆盖健康问题、年龄阶段及治疗形式的广泛性及多样性使基层医疗发挥着积极的作用。在1996年出版的一本经常被引用的基层医疗图书中,美国医学研究所将医疗综合性定义为“……临床医生为解决绝大多数人群的医疗卫生需求而提供的综合、可获取的医疗卫生服务。”世界卫生组织于2008年对基层医疗综合性的价值进行了重申。基层医疗的另一项原则是要对患有未分化疾病的患者进行首诊,这需要医疗服务具备综合性以有效地辨别患者的症状和主诉,并在必要时进行诊断和治疗。同样,医患关系的连续性(被研究最多的基层医疗特征之一)及其在许多行医地点中的协调性都依赖于基层医疗的综合性。从理论上来讲,医疗综合性可以“在正确的时间与地点提供正确的医疗服务”,且很有可能避免之后再进行花费高的治疗。 | Andrew Bazemore Stephen Petterson Lars E.Peterson Robert L.Phillips 魏亚萌 | 2015 | 中国全科医学2015，18，25： | 8 |
| 11 | Evaluation of biomarker panels for early stage ovarian cancer detection and monitoring for disease recurrence显示文摘 | Laura J. Havrilesky Clark M. Whitehead Jennifer M. Rubatt Robert L. Cheek John Groelke Qin He Douglas P. Malinowski Timothy J. Fischer Andrew Berchuck | 2008 | Gynecologic Oncology2008，，3： | 7 |
| 12 | History and Progress of the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project,2001-2010显示文摘In 2007,the U.S.Geological Survey,the Geological Survey of Canada,and the Mexican Geological Survey initiated a low-density(1 site per 1600 km2,13323 sites) geochemical and mineralogical survey of North American soils(North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project).Sampling and analytical protocols were developed at a series of workshops in 2003-2004 and pilot studies were conducted from 2004-2007.The ideal sampling protocol at each site includes a sample from 0-5 cm depth,a composite of the soil A horizon,and a sample from the soil C horizon.The <2-mm fraction of each sample is analyzed for Al,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Na,S,Ti,Ag,Ba,Be,Bi,Cd,Ce,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Ga,In,La,Li,Mn,Mo,Nb,Ni,P,Pb,Rb,Sb,Sc,Sn,Sr,Te,Th,Tl,U,V,W,Y,and Zn by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry following a near-total digestion in a mixture of HCl,HNO3,HClO4,and HF.Separate methods are used for As,Hg,Se,and total C on this same size fraction.The major mineralogical components are determined by a quantitative X-ray diffraction method.Sampling in the conterminous U.S.was completed in 2010(c.4800 sites) with chemical and mineralogical analysis currently underway.In Mexico,approximately 66% of the sampling(871 sites) had been done by the end of 2010 with completion expected in 2012.After completing sampling in the Maritime provinces and portions of other provinces(472 sites,7.6% of the total),Canada withdrew from the project in 2010.Preliminary results for a swath from the central U.S.to Florida clearly show the effects of soil parent material and climate on the chemical and mineralogical composition of soils.A sample archive will be established and made available for future investigations. | David B.Smith William F.Cannon Laurel G.Woodruff Francisco Moreira Rivera Andrew N.Rencz Robert G.Garrett | 2012 | 地学前缘2012，19，3： | 7 |
| 13 | A tale of worldwide success:Behind the scenes of Carex(Cyperaceae)biogeography and diversification显示文摘The megadiverse genus Carex(c.2000 species,Cyperaceae)has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution,displaying an inverted latitudinal richness gradient with higher species diversity in cold-temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere.Despite great expansion in our knowledge of the phylogenetic history of the genus and many molecular studies focusing on the biogeography of particular groups during the last few decades,a global analysis of Carex biogeography and diversification is still lacking.For this purpose,we built the hitherto most comprehensive Carex-dated phylogeny based on three markers(ETS-ITS-matK),using a previous phylogenomic Hyb-Seq framework,and a sampling of two-thirds of its species and all recognized sections.Ancestral area reconstaiction,biogeographic stochastic mapping,and diversification rate analyses were conducted to elucidate macroevolutionary biogeographic and diversification patterns.Our results reveal that Carex originated in the late Eocene in E Asia,where it probably remained until the synchronous diversification of its main subgeneric lineages during the late Oligocene.E Asia is supported as the cradle of Carex diversification,as well as a< | Santiago Martin-Bravo Pedro Jimenez-Mejias Tamara Villaverde Marcial Escudero Marlene Hahn Daniel Spalink Eric H.Roalson Andrew L.Hipp the Global Carex Group Carmen Benitez-Benitez Leo P.Bruederle Elisabeth Fitzek Bruce A.Ford Kerry A.Ford Mira Gamer Sebastian Gebauer Matthias H.Hoffmann Xiao-Feng Jin Isabel Larridon Etienne Ldveilld-Bourret Yi-Fei Lu Modesto Luceno Enrique Maguilla Jose Ignacio Marquez-Corro Monica Miguez Robert Naczi Anton A.Reznicek Julian R.Starr | 2019 | Journal of Systematics and Evolution2019，57，6： | 6 |
| 14 | Impact of stress on solute transport in a fracture network: A comparison study显示文摘This paper compares numerical modeling of the effect of stress on solute transport (advection and matrix diffusion) in fractured rocks in which fracture apertures are correlated with fracture lengths. It is mainly motivated by the performance and safety assessments of underground radioactive waste repositories. Five research teams used different approaches to model stress/deformation, flow and transport processes, based on either discrete fracture network or equivalent continuum models. The simulation results derived by various teams generally demonstrated that rock stresses could significantly influence solute transport processes through stress-induced changes in fracture apertures and associated changes in permeability. Reasonably good agreement was achieved regarding advection and matrix diffusion given the same fracture network, while some observed discrepancies could be explained by different mechanical or transport modeling approaches. | Zhihong Zhao Jonny Rutqvist Colin Leung Milan Hokr Quansheng Liu Ivars Neretnieks Andrew Hoch Jirí Havlíek Yuan Wang Zhen Wang Yuexiu Wu Robert Zimmerman | 2013 | Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering2013，5，2： | 6 |
| 15 | 美国国家卒中协会短暂性脑缺血发作处理指南显示文摘目的:短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)是常见和重要的卒中先兆。其处理方法多样,大多数发表的指南在近年来均未被更新。我们试图制定一个全面的、无偏倚的、循证的TIA处理指南。方法:根据一种客观标准(可以预测在该研究领域中执业医师对专家提名的文献测量学方法)挑选出15名专家组成员。通过系统回顾检索到过去发表的指南,由专家对其中的推荐意见的质量进行独立评价。选择出质量最高的推荐意见,然后让专家组采用改良Delphi法通过多次问卷调查的方式进行修订,从而对新的修改达成共识。给专家们提供近期临床研究的系统评价,要求专家根据新的证据判断措辞修改的合理性并且根据证据等级和质量对最终的推荐意见进行评定。不允许专家在预期有可能存在任何利益冲突的专题方面提出推荐意见。结果:通过系统回顾检索到257个指南,其中有13篇文献包括的137条推荐意见符合所有纳入标准。需要6次重复的问卷调查对53条最终推荐意见的措辞达成共识。最终的推荐意见涉及TIA的初步处理、评价、内科治疗、外科治疗和危险因素控制。结论:对TIA患者医疗诊治的最终推荐意见强调了紧急评价和治疗的重要性。这种用于制定本指南的新方法是可行的,考虑到了快速更新并能减少偏倚。 | S. Claiborne Johnston Mai N. Nguyen-Huynh Miriam E. Schwarz Kate Fuller Christina Williams S. Andrew Josephsort Graeme J. Hankey Robert G. Hart Steven R. Levine Jose Biller Robert D. Brown Ralph L. Sacco L. Jaap Kappelle Peter J. Koudstaal Julien Bogousslavsky Louis R. Caplan Jan van Gijn Ale Algra Peter M. Rothwell Harold P. Adams Gregory W. Albers 李海峰(译) | 2007 | 国际脑血管病杂志2007，15，3： | 5 |
| 16 | Inferring the Tree of Life of the order Cypriniformes, the earth's most diverse clade of freshwater fishes: Implications of varied taxon and character sampling显示文摘The phylogenetic relationships of species are fundamental to any biological investigation, including all evolutionary studies. Accurate inferences of sister group relationships provide the researcher with an historical framework within which the attributes or geographic origin of species (or supraspecific groups) evolved. Taken out of this phylogenetic context, interpretations of evolutionary processes or origins, geographic distributions, or speciation rates and mechanisms, are subject to nothing less than a biological experiment without controls. Cypriniformes is the most diverse clade of freshwater fishes with estimates of diversity of nearly 3,500 species. These fishes display an amazing array of morphological, ecological, behavioral, and geographic diversity and offer a tremendous opportunity to enhance our understanding of the biotic and abiotic factors associated with diversification and adaptation to environments. Given the nearly global distribution of these fishes, they serve as an important model group for a plethora of biological investigations, including indicator species for future cli-matic changes. The occurrence of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, in this order makes this clade a critical component in understanding and predicting the relationship between mutagenesis and phenotypic expressions in vertebrates, including humans. With the tremendous diversity in Cypriniformes, our understanding of their phylogenetic relationships has not proceeded at an acceptable rate, despite a plethora of morphological and more recent mo-lecular studies. Most studies are pre-Hennigian in origin or include relatively small numbers of taxa. Given that analyses of small numbers of taxa for molecular characters can be compromised by peculiarities of long-branch attraction and nodal-density effect, it is critical that significant progress in our understanding of the relationships of these important fishes occurs with increasing sampling of species to mitigate these potential problems. The recent Cypriniformes Tree of Life initiative is an effort to achieve this goal with morphological and molecular (mitochondrial and nuclear) data. In this early synthesis of our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of these fishes, all types of data have contributed historically to improving our understanding, but not all analyses are complementary in taxon sampling, thus precluding direct understanding of the impact of taxon sampling on achieving accurate phylogenetic inferences. However, recent molecular studies do provide some insight and in some instances taxon sampling can be implicated as a variable that can influence sister group relationships. Other instances may also exist but without inclusion of more taxa for both mitochondrial and nuclear genes, one cannot distinguish between inferences being dictated by taxon sampling or the origins of the molecular data. | Richard L. MAYDEN Kevin L. TANG Robert M. WOOD Wei-Jen CHEN Mary K. AGNEW Kevin W. CONWAY Lei YANG Andrew M. SIMONS Henry L. BART Phillip M. HARRIS Junbing LI Xuzhen WANG Kenji SAITOH Shunping HE Huanzhang LIU Yiyu CHEN Mutstmi NISHIDA Masaki MIYA | 2008 | 植物分类学报2008，46，3： | 5 |
| 17 | Controversies in fluid therapy: Type, dose and toxicity显示文摘Fluid therapy is perhaps the most common intervention received by acutely ill hospitalized patients; however, a number of critical questions on the efficacy and safety of the type and dose remain. In this review, recent insights derived from randomized trials in terms of fluid type, dose and toxicity are discussed. We contend that the prescription of fluid therapy is context-specific and that any fluid can be harmful if administered inappropriately. When contrasting ‘‘crystalloid vs colloid'', differences in efficacy are modest but differences in safety are significant. Differences in chloride load and strong ion difference across solutions appear to be clinically important. Phases of fluid therapy in acutely ill patients are recognized, including acute resuscitation, maintaining homeostasis, and recovery phases. Quantitative toxicity(fluid overload) is associated with adverse outcomes and can be mitigated when fluid therapy basedon functional hemodynamic parameters that predict volume responsiveness and minimization of non-essential fluid. Qualitative toxicity(fluid type), in particular for iatrogenic acute kidney injury and metabolic acidosis, remain a concern for synthetic colloids and isotonic saline, respectively. Physiologically balanced crystalloids may be the ‘‘default'' fluid for acutely ill patients and the role for colloids, in particular hydroxyethyl starch, is increasingly unclear. We contend the prescription of fluid therapy is analogous to the prescription of any drug used in critically ill patients. | Robert C McDermid Karthik Raghunathan Adam Romanovsky Andrew D Shaw Sean M Bagshaw | 2014 | World Journal of Critical Care Medicine2014，3，1： | 5 |
| 18 | Nanoporous organic polymer networks显示文摘 | Robert Dawson Andrew I. Cooper Dave J. Adams | 2011 | Progress in Polymer Science2011，，4： | 5 |
| 19 | A history of high-power laser research and development in the United Kingdom显示文摘The first demonstration of laser action in ruby was made in 1960 by T.H.Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories,USA.Many laboratories worldwide began the search for lasers using different materials,operating at different wavelengths.In the UK,academia,industry and the central laboratories took up the challenge from the earliest days to develop these systems for a broad range of applications.This historical review looks at the contribution the UK has made to the advancement of the technology,the development of systems and components and their exploitation over the last 60 years. | Colin N.Danson Malcolm White John R.M.Barr Thomas Bett Peter Blyth David Bowley Ceri Brenner Robert J.Collins Neal Croxford A.E.Bucker Dangor Laurence Devereux Peter E.Dyer Anthony Dymoke-Bradshaw Christopher B.Edwards Paul Ewart Allister I.Ferguson John M.Girkin Denis R.Hall David C.Hanna Wayne Harris David I.Hillier Christopher J.Hooker Simon M.Hooker Nicholas Hopps Janet Hull David Hunt Dino A.Jaroszynski Mark Kempenaars Helmut Kessler Sir Peter L.Knight Steve Knight Adrian Knowles Ciaran L.S.Lewis Ken S.Lipton Abby Littlechild John Littlechild Peter Maggs Graeme P.A.Malcolm OBE Stuart P.D.Mangles William Martin Paul McKenna Richard O.Moore Clive Morrison Zulfikar Najmudin David Neely Geoff H.C.New Michael J.Norman Ted Paine Anthony W.Parker Rory R.Penman Geoff J.Pert Chris Pietraszewski Andrew Randewich Nadeem H.Rizvi Nigel Seddon MBE Zheng-Ming Sheng David Slater Roland A.Smith Christopher Spindloe Roy Taylor Gary Thomas John W.G.Tisch Justin S.Wark Colin Webb S.Mark Wiggins Dave Willford Trevor Winstone | 2021 | High Power Laser Science and Engineering2021，9，2： | 5 |
| 20 | Toward point-of-care management of chronic respiratory conditions:Electrochemical sensing of nitrite content in exhaled breath condensate using reduced graphene oxide显示文摘We present a portable non-invasive approach for measuring indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress in the respiratory tract by quantifying a biomarker in exhaled breath condensate(EBC).We discuss the fabrication and characterization of a miniaturized electrochemical sensor for detecting nitrite content in EBC using reduced graphene oxide.The nitrite content in EBC has been demonstrated to be a promising biomarker of inflammation in the respiratory tract,particularly in asthma.We utilized the unique properties of reduced graphene oxide(rGO);specifically,the material is resilient to corrosion while exhibiting rapid electron transfer with electrolytes,thus allowing for highly sensitive electrochemical detection with minimal fouling.Our rGO sensor was housed in an electrochemical cell fabricated from polydimethyl siloxane(PDMS),which was necessary to analyze small EBC sample volumes.The sensor is capable of detecting nitrite at a low over-potential of 0.7 V with respect to an Ag/AgCl reference electrode.We characterized the performance of the sensors using standard nitrite/buffer solutions,nitrite spiked into EBC,and clinical EBC samples.The sensor demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.21μAμM^(−1) cm^(−2) in the range of 20–100μM and of 0.1μAμM^(−1) cm^(−2) in the range of 100–1000μM nitrite concentration and exhibited a low detection limit of 830 nM in the EBC matrix.To benchmark our platform,we tested our sensors using seven pre-characterized clinical EBC samples with concentrations ranging between 0.14 and 6.5μM.This enzyme-free and label-free method of detecting biomarkers in EBC can pave the way for the development of portable breath analyzers for diagnosing and managing changes in respiratory inflammation and disease. | Azam Gholizadeh Damien Voiry Clifford Weisel Andrew Gow Robert Laumbach Howard Kipen Manish Chhowalla Mehdi Javanmard | 2017 | Microsystems & Nanoengineering2017，3，1： | 5 |
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