| 1 | High Altitude Frogs (Rana kukonoris) Adopt a Diversified Bethedging Strategy in the Face of Environmental Unpredictability显示文摘Environmental unpredictability can influence strategies of maternal investment among eggs within a clutch. Models predict that breeding females should adopt a diversified bet-hedging strategy in unpredictable environments, but empirical field evidence from Asia is scarce. Here we tested this hypothesis by exploring spatial patterns in egg size along an altitudinal gradient in a frog species(Rana kukunoris) inhabiting the Tibetan Plateau. Within-clutch variability in egg size increased as the environment became variable(e.g., lower mean monthly temperature and mean monthly rainfall at higher altitudes), and populations in environments with more unpredictable rainfall produced eggs that were smaller and more variable in size. We provide support for a diversified bet-hedging strategy in high-altitude environments, which experience dynamic weather patterns and therefore are of unpredictable environmental quality. This strategy may be an adaptive response to lower environmental quality and higher unpredictable environmental variance. Such a strategy should increase the likelihood of breeding success and maximize maternal lifetime fitness by producing offspring that are adapted to current environmental conditions. We speculate that in high-altitude environments prone to physical disturbance, breeding females are unable to consistently produce the optimal egg size due to physiological constraints imposed by environmental conditions(e.g., duration of the active season, food availability). Species and populations whose breeding strategies are adapted to cope with uncertain environmental conditions by adjusting offspring size and therefore quality show a remarkable degree of ability to cope with future climatic changes. | Wei CHEN Liqing PENG Lichun JIANG David A.PIKE Christopher R.FRIESEN Gregory BROWN | 2018 | Asian Herpetological Research2018，9，1： | 1 |
| 3 | Risk Factors for Abuse in Children with Congenital Heart Disease Presenting at a Pediatric Tertiary Care Hospital显示文摘Background:Congenital heart disease(CHD)is a chronic medical condition often diagnosed at birth and requires surgical intervention,multiple hospitalizations,and lifelong care.This can put significant stress on the family,leading to altered maternal mental health,bonding and attachment issues,and the potential for child abuse.The purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics of a sample of young children with CHD who experienced hospitalization with concurrent concern for child abuse in a free-standing pediatric tertiary care hos-pital.Methods:Electronic medical records were reviewed for children aged 0–5 years old who were hospitalized with concern for child abuse between 2016 and 2020.Variables were extracted related to the history of presenta-tion,and sociodemographics including SDOH,admission,and discharge condition/follow-up.Descriptive statis-tics were used to characterize the sample and correlations to identify an association with abuse type.Results:Out of 251 hospitalizations involving concern for child abuse,49(19.5%)had a diagnosis of CHD.The majority of cases were neglect(51%),<1 year of age(80%),male(57%),Hispanic ethnicity(45%),and publicly insured(90%).CHD severity was moderate to severe(71%)with multiple co-occurring medical conditions(genetic syn-drome,failure to thrive(FTT),prematurity,history of a feeding tube,developmental delay,and intrauterine drug exposure).Correlations associated with physical abuse were age,maternal mental health,head injury,and history of Child Protective Services(CPS)involvement.Neglect correlated with age,FTT,head injury,history of a feeding tube,previous CPS involvement,and substance use.Correlates specifically related to prenatal substance use included age,maternal mental health status,history of domestic violence,CPS involvement,feeding tube,FTT,lack of housing,employment status,and public insurance.Conclusions:Our study highlights the risk for abuse in children with CHD,regardless of defect severity.The most common abuse type was neglect(mostly prenatal substance use)which was associated with few child characteristics,but many parent/caregiver and neighborhood factors.This underscores the need for individual and/or family-based screening and approaches to provide psy-chological support and needed resources to assist parents of children with CHD to prevent abuse.Interventions should focus on families of low socioeconomic status with limited support and/or resources. | Kristi K.Westphaln Karen Kay Imagawa Lorena Espinosa Smith Julia Srivastava Nancy A.Pike | 2023 | Congenital Heart Disease2023，18，6： | 0 |
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