Household energy stacking and structures in Pakistan-Results from a multiple-energy study in Azad Kashmir and Punjab

查看全文 作　　者：Xiaoqiao [1]Jiao;Rui [1]Xiong;Zhihan [1]Luo;Yaojie [1]Li;Hefa [1]Cheng;Audil [2]Rashid;Guofeng [1]Shen;Shu [1,3]Tao 机构地区：[1]College of Urban and Environmental Sciences,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China;[2]Faculty of Science,Botany Department,University of Gujrat,Gujrat 50700,Pakistan;[3]College of Environmental Science and Technology,Southern University of Science and Technology,Shenzhen 518055,China 出　　处：《Journal of Environmental Sciences》索引2023年第11期,共9页 基　　金：supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41922057,41830641 and 42077328);the Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2019QZKK0605);the undergraduate student research training program of the Ministry of Education(No.B111). 摘　　要：Solid fuel use(SFU)is common in most developing countries and would release many hazardous air pollutants posing high risks on human health.The Global Burden of Disease(GBD)study highlighted risks associated with household SFU in Pakistan,however,high uncertainties prevail because of scanty data on SFU and unaccounted energy stacking.This study conducted a field campaign aiming at collecting first-hand data on household energy mix in Pakistan.The first survey was in Punjab and Azad Kashmir,and revealed that stacked energy use was pervasive,especially for cooking.The stacking was found to be much more obvious in SFU households(defined as those using SFU dominantly)compared to those non-SFU.There were significantly substantial differences between Azad Kashmir and Punjab because of distinct resources available and economic conditions.Woody materials comprised up to nearly 70% in Azad Kashmir,but in Punjab,gas was frequently used for cooking.Only investigating primary household energy would probably overestimate main energy types that being used for a longer time but underestimated other supplements,suggesting the preference of multiple-energy surveys in household energy studies. 关 键 词：Household energy Solid fuel use Energy stacking Developing country Pakistan