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| 1 | Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases显示文摘The role of vitamin D as an immune modulator has been emphasized in recent years,and low levels of the hormone were observed in several autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus.Vitamin D mediates its effect though binding to vitamin D receptor(VDR),and activation of VDR-responsive genes.While VDR gene polymorphism was found to associate with autoimmune thyroid diseases(AITDs),few studies examined levels of vitamin D in these patients and those that did yielded conflicting results.We therefore undertook to evaluate the levels of vitamin D in patients with AITDs compared to patients with non-AITDs and healthy controls.Serum vitamin D(25-OH)levels were measured in 50 patients with AITDs,42 patients with non-AITDs and 98 healthy subjects,utilizing the LIAISON chemiluminescence immunoassay(DiaSorin,Saluggia,Italy).VitaminD deficiency was designated at levels lower than 10 ng/ml.Antithyroid antibodies,thyroid functions and demographic parameters were evaluated in all patients.The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was significantly higher in patients with AITDs compared with healthy individuals(72% versus 30.6%;P<0.001),as well as in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis compared to patients with non-AITDs(79% versus 52%;P<0.05).Vitamin D deficiency also correlated to the presence of antithyroid antibodies(P=0.01)and abnormal thyroid function tests(P=0.059).Significantly low levels of vitamin D were documented in patients with AITDs that were related to the presence of anti thyroid antibodies and abnormal thyroid function tests,suggesting the involvement of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of AITDs and the advisability of supplementation. | Shaye Kivity Nancy Agmon-Levin Michael Zisappl Yinon Shapira Endre V Nagy Katalin Danko Zoltan Szekanecz Pnina Langevitz Yehuda Shoenfeld | 2011 | Cellular & Molecular Immunology2011，8，3： | 47 |
| 2 | Thymoma and autoimmunity显示文摘The thymus is a central lymphatic organ that is responsible for many immunological functions,including the production of mature,functional T cells and the induction of self-tolerance.Benign or malignant tumors may originate from the thymus gland,with thymoma being the most common and accounting for 50% of anterior mediastinal tumors.Malignancies linked to thymoma include the loss of self-tolerance and the presence of autoimmunity.In this review,we compiled the current scientific evidence detailing the various interactions between thymoma and autoimmune diseases,including myasthenia gravis,systemic lupus erythematosus,inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion,pure red cell aplasia,pernicious anemia,pemphigus and autoimmune thyroid diseases.In recent years,several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these interactions.Most are based on the assumption that the‘sick’thymus,like the‘normal’thymus,can generate mature T cells;however,the T cells generated by the sick thymus are impaired and thus may exert cellular autoreactivity.Here,we present several theories that may shed light on the loss of self-tolerance associated with this epithelial tumor of the thymus. | Shahar Shelly Nancy Agmon-Levin Arie Altman Yehuda Shoenfeld | 2011 | Cellular & Molecular Immunology2011，8，3： | 19 |
| 3 | Liver cystic echinococcosis and human host immune and autoimmune follow-up:A review显示文摘Cystic echinococcosis(CE) is an infectious disease caused by the larvae of parasite Echinococcus granulosus(E.granulosus).To successfully establish an infection,parasite release some substances and molecules that can modulate host immune functions,stimulating a strong anti-inflammatory reaction to carry favor to host and to reserve self-survival in the host.The literature was reviewed using MEDLINE,and an open access search for immunology of hydatidosis was performed.Accumulating data from animal experiments and human studies provided us with exciting insights into the mechanisms involved that affect all parts of immunity.In this review we used the existing scientific data and discuss how these findings assisted with a better understanding of the immunology of E.granulosus infection in man.The aim of this study is to point the several facts that challenge immune and autoimmune responses to protect E.granulosus from elimination and to minimize host severe pathology.Understanding the immune mechanisms of E.granulosus infection in an intermediate human host will provide,we believe,a more useful treatment with immunomodulating molecules and possibly better protection from parasitic infections.Besides that,the diagnosis of CE has improved due to the application of a new molecular tool for parasite identification by using of new recombinant antigens and immunogenic peptides.More studies for the better understanding of the mechanisms of parasite immune evasion is necessary.It will enable a novel approach in protection,detection and improving of the host inflammatory responses.In contrast,according to the 'hygiene hypothesis',clinical applications that decrease the incidence of infection in developed countries and recently in developing countries are at the origin of the increasing incidence of both allergicand autoimmune diseases.Thus,an understanding of the immune mechanisms of E.granulosus infection is extremely important. | Nikica M Grubor Katica D Jovanova-Nesic Yehuda Shoenfeld | 2017 | World Journal of Hepatology2017，9，30： | 8 |
| 4 | Vaccine-induced autoimmunity: the role of molecular mimicry and immune crossreaction显示文摘Since the early 1800s vaccines have saved numerous lives by preventing lethal infections.However,during the past two decades,there has been growing awareness of possible adverse events associated with vaccinations,cultivating heated debates and leading to significant fluctuations in vaccination rates.It is therefore pertinent for the scientific community to seriously address public concern of adverse effects of vaccines to regain public trust in these important medical interventions.Such adverse reactions to vaccines may be viewed as a result of the interaction between susceptibility of the vaccinated subject and various vaccine components.Among the implicated mechanisms for these reactions is molecular mimicry.Molecular mimicry refers to a significant similarity between certain pathogenic elements contained in the vaccine and specific human proteins.This similarity may lead to immune crossreactivity,wherein the reaction of the immune system towards the pathogenic antigens may harm the similar human proteins,essentially causing autoimmune disease.In this review,we address the concept of molecular mimicry and its application in explaining post vaccination autoimmune phenomena.We further review the principal examples of the influenza,hepatitis B,and human papilloma virus vaccines,all suspected to induce autoimmunity via molecular mimicry.Finally,we refer to possible implications on the potential future development of better,safer vaccines. | Yahel Segal Yehuda Shoenfeld | 2018 | Cellular & Molecular Immunology2018，15，6： | 6 |
| 5 | Infectome: A platform to trace infectious triggers of autoimmunity显示文摘 | Dimitrios P. Bogdanos Daniel S. Smyk Pietro Invernizzi Eirini I. Rigopoulou Miri Blank Shideh Pouria Yehuda Shoenfeld | 2013 | Autoimmunity Reviews2013，，7： | 2 |
| 6 | Helicobacter pylori serology in autoimmune diseases – fact or fiction?显示文摘 | Maya Ram Ori Barzilai Yinon Shapira Juan-Manuel Anaya Angela Tincani Ljudmila Stojanovich Stefano Bombardieri Nicola Bizzaro Shaye Kivity Nancy Agmon Levin Yehuda Shoenfeld | 2013 | Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine2013，，5： | 2 |
| 7 | Chronic Infections and Atherosclerosis显示文摘 | Kiyoshi Ayada Kenji Yokota Kazuko Kobayashi Yehuda Shoenfeld Eiji Matsuura Keiji Oguma | 2009 | Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology2009，，1： | 2 |
| 8 | MMP - 2, VCAM - 1 and NCAM - 1 expression in the brain of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as a trigger mechanism for synaptic plasticity and pathology 显示文摘 | Jovanova - Nesic K Shoenfeld Y | 2006 | J Neuroimmunol2006，181，12： | 1 |
| 9 | Atherosclerosis as an in- fectious,inflammatory and autoimmune disease显示文摘 | Shoenfeld Y Sherer Y Harats D | 2001 | Trends in Im- munology2001，22，6： | 1 |
| 10 | Immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune diseases via oral tolerance显示文摘 | Krause I Blank M Shoenfeld Y | 2000 | Crit Rev Immunol2000，20，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Pleural effusion- presenting sign in multiple myehmm 显示文摘 | Shoenfeld Y Pick AI Weinberger A el al | 1978 | Respiralion1978，36，： | 1 |
| 12 | High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulins: An Option in the Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus显示文摘 | E. Toubi A. Kessel Y. Shoenfeld | 2005 | Human Immunology2005，，4： | 1 |
| 13 | Anti-phospholipid antibodies permeabilize and depolarize brainsynaptosomes 显示文摘 | Chapman J Cohen-Armon M Shoenfeld Y | 1999 | Lupus1999，8，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Are anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies relevant in systemic lupus erythematosus显示文摘 | Kiss E Shoenfeld Y | 2007 | Clin Rev Allergy Immunol2007，32，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Intravenous immunoglobulin and the kidney-a two-edged sword显示文摘 | Orbach H Tishler M Shoenfeld Y | 2004 | Semin Arthritis Rheum2004，34，3： | 1 |
| 16 | Prediction and prevention of autoimmune skin disorders显示文摘 | Agmon-Levin Nancy Shoenfeld Yehuda | 2009 | Archives of Dermatological Research2009，，1： | 1 |
| 17 | The role of innate and adaptive immunity to oxidized low-density lipoprotein in the devel- opment of atherosclerosis 显示文摘 | Kobayashi K Lopez L R Shoenfeld Y | 2005 | Ann N Y Acad Sci2005，1051，： | 1 |
| 18 | Intravenous gamma globulin inhibits the production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in macrophages显示文摘 | Shoenfeld Y Gilburd B | 2002 | Cancer2002，95，9： | 1 |
| 19 | Classification of anti-endothelial cell antibodies into antibodies against microvascular and macrovascular en-dothelial cells: the pathogenic and diagnostic implications 显示文摘 | Shoenfeld Y | 2002 | Cleve Clin J Med2002，69，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Effects of tobacco smoke on immunity, inflammation and autoimmunity 显示文摘 | Arnson Y Shoenfeld Y Amital H | 2010 | J Autoimmun2010，34，3： | 1 |
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