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| 1 | Molecular imaging of movement disorders显示文摘Positron emission tomography measures the activity of radioactively labeled compounds which distribute and accumulate in central nervous system regions in proportion to their metabolic rate or blood flow. Specific circuits such as the dopaminergic nigrostriatal projection can be studied with ligands that bind to the pre-synaptic dopamine transporter or post-synaptic dopamine receptors(D1 and D2). Single photon emission computerized tomography(SPECT) measures the activity of similar tracers labeled with heavy radioactive species such as technetium and iodine. In essential tremor, there is cerebellar hypermetabolism and abnormal GABAergic function in premotor cortices, dentate nuclei and ventral thalami, without significant abnormalities in dopaminergic transmission. In Huntington's disease, there is hypometabolism in the striatum, frontal and temporal cortices. Disease progression is accompanied by reduction in striatal D1 and D2 binding that correlates with trinucleotide repeat length, disease duration and severity. In dystonia, there is hypermetabolism in the basal ganglia, supplementary motor areas and cerebellum at rest. Thalamic and cerebellar hypermetabolism is seen during dystonic movements, which can be modulated by globus pallidus deep brain stimulation(DBS). Additionally, GABA-A receptor activity is reduced in motor, premotor and somatosensory cortices. In Tourette's syndrome, there is hypermetabolism in premotor and sensorimotor cortices, as well as hypometabolism in the striatum, thalamus and limbic regions at rest. During tics, multiple areas related to cognitive, sensory and motor functions become hypermetabolic. Also, there is abnormal serotoninergic transmission in prefrontal cortices and bilateral thalami, as well as hyperactivity in the striatal dopaminergic system which can be modulated with thalamic DBS. In Parkinson's disease(PD), there is asymmetric progressive decline in striatal dopaminergic tracer accumulation, which follows a caudal-to-rostral direction. Uptake declines prior to symptom presentation and progresses from contralateral to the most symptomatic side to bilateral, correlating with symptom severity. In progressive supranuclear palsy(PSP) and multiple system atrophy(MSA), striatal activity is symmetrically and diffusely decreased. The caudal-to-rostral pattern is lost in PSP, but could be present in MSA. In corticobasal degeneration(CBD), there is asymmetric, diffuse reduction of striatal activity, contralateral to the most symptomatic side. Additionally, there is hypometabolism in contralateral parietooccipital and frontal cortices in PD; bilateral putamen and cerebellum in MSA; caudate, thalamus, midbrain, mesial frontal and prefrontal cortices in PSP; and contralateral cortices in CBD. Finally, cardiac sympathetic SPECT signal is decreased in PD. The capacity of molecular imaging to provide in vivo time courses of gene expression, protein synthesis, receptor and transporter binding, could facilitate the development and evaluation of novel medical, surgical and genetic therapies in movement disorders. | Karlo J Lizarraga Alessandra Gorgulho Wei Chen Antonio A De Salles | 2016 | World Journal of Radiology2016，8，3： | 2 |
| 2 | Restoration of ovarian steroid secretion and histologic assessment after freezing, thawing, and autograft of a hemi-ovary in sheep 显示文摘 | Salle B Lornage J Demirci B | 1999 | Fertil Steril1999，72，2： | 1 |
| 3 | Strategies and Metric for Resili- ence in Computer Networks 显示文摘 | Salles R M Marino D A J R | 2011 | The Computer Journal Ad- vance Access published2011，2011，： | 1 |
| 4 | Changes in the leucocyte subpopulations of the palatine tonsillar crypt epithelium of pigs in response to Streptococcus suis type 2 infection显示文摘 | Salles M W Perez-Casal J Willson P etal | 2002 | Vet Immunol Immunopathol2002，87，： | 1 |
| 5 | Tumor necrosis factor alpha release is a major biological event associated with rituximab treatment显示文摘 | Bienvenu J Chvetzoff R Salles G | 2001 | Hematol J2001，2，6： | 1 |
| 6 | Species composition and population dynamics of leafminer flies and their parasitoids in Victoria显示文摘 | BJORKSTEN T A ROBINSON M SALLE J L | 2005 | Australian Journal of Entomology2005，44，： | 1 |
| 7 | Follicular viability and morphology of sheep ovaries after exposure to cryoprotectant and cryopreservation with different freezing protocols 显示文摘 | Demirci B Lornage J Salle B | 2001 | Fertil Steril2001，75，4： | 1 |
| 8 | Enteral calcium,phosphate and vitamin D requirements and bone mineralization in preterm infants 显示文摘 | Rigo J Pieltain C Salle B | 2007 | Acta Paediatr2007，96，7： | 1 |
| 9 | Effects of agronomical measures on the microbial diversity of soils as related to the suppression of soil-borne plant pathogens显示文摘 | van Elsas J D Garbeva P Salles J | 2002 | Biodegradation2002，，13： | 1 |
| 10 | Statistical and physical analysis of soil detachment by rainfall impact: rain erosivity indices and threshold energy 显示文摘 | Salles C Poeson J Govers G | 2000 | Water Resources Research2000，36，9： | 1 |
| 11 | Deficient nucleotide excision repair activity in protein extracts from normal human lymphocytes显示文摘 | BARRET J M CALSOU P SALLES B | | 0，，07： | 1 |
| 12 | A new parasitoid of the Erythrina Gall Wasp, Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim ( Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) 显示文摘 | La Salle J Ramadan M Kumashiro B R | 2009 | Zootaxa2009，2083，： | 1 |
| 13 | Characterization of a two - aqueous phase system con- taining a nonionic surfactant 显示文摘 | TEIXEIRA DA SILVA DE LA SALLES K CANSELIER J P GOURDON C | 2005 | Journal of Dispersion Science and Technolagy2005，26，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Tumor necrosis factor alpha release is a major biological event associated with rituximab treat- ment显示文摘 | Bienvenu J Chvetzoff R Salles G | 2001 | Hematol J2001，2，6： | 1 |
| 15 | Growth and branching patterns along the main axis of two apple cuhivars grafted on two different rootstocks显示文摘 | Costes E Salles J C Garda G | 2001 | Acta Hort2001，557，： | 1 |
| 16 | Human disc phospholipase A2 is inlammatory显示文摘 | Eranson R Sall J Sall J A | 1992 | Spine1992，17，6： | 1 |
| 17 | The Australian genera of Mymaxidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) 显示文摘 | Lin N Q Huber J T La Salle J | 2007 | Zootaxa2007，1596，： | 1 |
| 18 | Accelerating taxonomic discovery through automated character extraction显示文摘 | Salle J L Wheeler Q Jackway P | 2009 | Zootaxa2009，55，2217： | 1 |
| 19 | Effects of agronomical measures on the microbial diversity of soils as related to the suppression of soil-borne plant pathogens 显示文摘 | van Elsas J D Garbeva P Salles J | 2002 | Biodegradation2002，13，： | 1 |
| 20 | Enteral calcium,phosphate and vitamin D requirements and bbone mineralization in preterm infants显示文摘 | Rigo J Pieltain C Salle B | 2007 | Acta Paediatr2007，96，7： | 1 |
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