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| 1 | Stem cell therapy for the treatment of Leydig cell dysfunction in primary hypogonadism显示文摘The production of testosterone occurs within the Leydig cells of the testes. When production fails at this level from either congenital, acquired, or systemic disorders,the result is primary hypogonadism. While numerous testosterone formulations have been developed, none are yet fully capable of replicating the physiological patterns of testosterone secretion. Multiple stem cell therapies to restore androgenic function of the testes are under investigation. Leydig cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and the testes have shown promise for future therapy for primary hypogonadism. In particular, the discovery and utilization of a group of progenitor stem cells within the testes, known as stem Leydig cells(SLCs), has led not only to a better understanding of testicular development, but of treatment as well. When combining this with an understanding of the mechanisms that lead to Leydig cell dysfunction, researchers and physicians will be able to develop stem cell therapies that target the specific step in the steroidogenic process that is deficient. The current preclinical studies highlight the complex nature of regenerating this steroidogenic process and the problems remain unresolved. In summary, there appears to be two current directions for stem cell therapy in male primary hypogonadism. The first method involves differentiating adult Leydig cells from stem cells of various origins from bone marrow, adipose, or embryonic sources. The second method involves isolating, identifying, and transplanting stem Leydig cells into testicular tissue. Theoretically, in-vivo re-activation of SLCs in men with primary hypogonadism due to age would be another alternative method to treat hypogonadism while eliminating the need for transplantation. | Taylor C Peak Nora M Haney William Wang Kenneth J DeLay Wayne J Hellstrom | 2016 | World Journal of Stem Cells2016，8，10： | 5 |
| 2 | A method for quantitative determination of bile acids in human feces显示文摘 | ENEROTH P HELLSTROM K SJOVALL J | 1968 | Acta Chem Scand1968，22，6： | 1 |
| 3 | Tadalafil has no detrimental effect on human spermatogenesis or reproductive hormones 显示文摘 | HELLSTROM W J OVERSTREET J W YU A | 2003 | Urology2003，170，： | 1 |
| 4 | The HE4 (WFDC2) protein is a biomarker for ovarian carcinoma显示文摘 | Hellstrom I Raycraft J Hayden-ledbetier | 2003 | Cancer Res2003，63，： | 1 |
| 5 | The HE4 (WFDC2) protein is a biomarker for ovarian carcinoma 显示文摘 | Hellstrom I Raycraft J Schummer M | 2003 | Cancer Res2003，63，： | 1 |
| 6 | Current up- date on retinopathy of prematurity:screening and treatment 显示文摘 | CHEN J STAHL A HELLSTROM A SMITH LE | 2010 | Curr Opin Pediatry2010，23，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Vardenafil:a novel type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction显示文摘 | KENDIRCI M BIVALACQUA T J HELLSTROM W J | 2004 | Expert Opin Pharmacother2004，5，4： | 1 |
| 8 | Look ahead control for heavy trucks to minimize trip time and fuel consumption 显示文摘 | Hellstrom E Ivarsson M Aslund J | 2008 | Control Engineering Practice2008，17，24： | 1 |
| 9 | The HE4(WFDC2) protein is a biomarker for ovarian carcinoma 显示文摘 | Hellstrom I Haycraft J Hayden -Ledbetter M et ai | 2003 | Cancer Res2003，63，13： | 1 |
| 10 | Sacral nerve stimulation lead implantation using the O-arm 显示文摘 | Hellstrom PA Katisko J Finnila R | 2013 | BMC Urol2013，13，： | 1 |
| 11 | The HE4 (WFDC2) pro- tein is a biomarker for ovarian earcinoma显示文摘 | Hellstrom I Raycraft J Hayden M | 2003 | Cancer Res2003，63，13： | 1 |
| 12 | Tadalafil has no detrimental effect on human spermatogenesis or reproductive hormones显示文摘 | Hellstrom W J Overstreet J W Yu A | 2003 | Urology2003，170，： | 1 |
| 13 | Detection of the HFA protein in urine as a biomarker for ovarian neo- plasms显示文摘 | Hellstrom I Heagerty P J Swisher EM | 2010 | Cancer Lett2010，296，1： | 1 |
| 14 | 显示文摘 | Engkvist J Canovic S HellstrOm K | 2010 | Oxid Met2010，73，12： | 1 |
| 15 | D114 signalling through Notchl regulates formation of tip cells during angiogenesis显示文摘 | Hellstrom M Phng LK Hofmann J | 2007 | Nature2007，455，： | 1 |
| 16 | Current update on retinopathy ofprematurity : screening and treatment显示文摘 | Chen J Stahl A Hellstrom A | 2010 | Curr Opin Pediatr2010，22，8： | 1 |
| 17 | Ketamine antagonizes alfentanil-induced hypoventilation in healthy male volunteers显示文摘 | Schmin H Hellstrom G | 1999 | Acta Anaesthesiol Scand1999，43，： | 1 |
| 18 | Renal cell carcinoma in horseshoe kidney associated with Turner syndrome and caval extension显示文摘 | Hellstrom P Ottelin J Siniluoto T | 1989 | Urology1989，34，1： | 1 |
| 19 | The HE4 (WFDC2) protein is a biomarker for ovarian carcinoma 显示文摘 | Hellstrom I Raycraft J Hayden-Ledbetter M | 2003 | Cancer Res2003，63，13： | 1 |
| 20 | Improvements in 230Th dating, 230Th and 254U half-life values, and U Th isotopic measurements by multi--collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy 显示文摘 | Cheng H Edwards R L Shen C C Po Asrnerom Y Woodhed J Hellstrom J Wang Y Kon6 X Spotl C Wang X Alexander Jr E C | 2013 | Earth and Planetary Science Letters2013，3713，72： | 1 |
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