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| 1 | Paramyxovirus evasion of innate immunity: Diverse strategies for common targets显示文摘The paramyxoviruses are a family of > 30 viruses that variously infect humans, other mammals and fish to cause diverse outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic to lethal disease, with the zoonotic paramyxoviruses Nipah and Hendra showing up to 70% case-fatality rate in humans. The capacity to evade host immunity is central to viral infection, and paramyxoviruses have evolved multiple strategies to overcome the host interferon(IFN)-mediated innate immune response through the activity of their IFN-antagonist proteins. Although paramyxovirus IFN antagonists generally target common factors of the IFN system, including melanoma differentiation associated factor 5, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I, signal transducers and activators of transcription(STAT)1 and STAT2, and IFN regulatory factor 3, the mechanisms of antagonism show remarkable diversity between different genera and even individual members of the same genus; the reasons for this diversity, however, are not currently understood. Here, we review the IFN antagonism strategies of paramyxoviruses, highlighting mechanistic differences observed between individual species and genera. We also discuss potential sources of this diversity, including biological differences in the host and/or tissue specificity of different paramyxoviruses, and potential effects of experimental approaches that have largely relied on in vitrosystems. Importantly, recent studies using recombinant virus systems and animal infection models are beginning to clarify the importance of certain mechanisms of IFN antagonism to in vivo infections, providing important indications not only of their critical importance to virulence, but also of their potential targeting for new therapeutic/vaccine approaches. | Michelle D Audsley Gregory W Moseley | 2013 | World Journal of Virology2013，2，2： | 2 |
| 2 | Applying new scheduling theory to static priority preemptive scheduling显示文摘 | Audsley N C Burns A Richardson M | 1993 | Software Engineering Journal1993，8，5： | 1 |
| 3 | STRESS:a simulator for hard real-time systems显示文摘 | Audsley N C Burns A Richardson M F | 1994 | Software-Practice and Experience1994，24，6： | 1 |
| 4 | A comparison of the neuropeptides from the retrocerebral complex of adult male and female Manduca sexta using MALDITOF mass spectrometry 显示文摘 | Audsley N Weaver R J | 2003 | Regul Pept2003，116，1： | 1 |
| 5 | Fixed priority preemptive scheduling: an historical perspective显示文摘 | AUDSLEY N BURNS A DAVIS R | 1995 | Real Time Systems1995，8，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Isolation purification and partial characterization of a lipopoly sacharide from Haemo-phlus pleuropneumoniae 显示文摘 | Audsley J R Kadis S Mayberry W | 1986 | An Sco Micro1986，51，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Reverse genetic analysis of a putative,influenza virus M2 HXXXW-like motif in the p7 protein of hepatitis C virus显示文摘 | Meshkat Z Audsley M Beyer C | 2009 | J Viral Hepat2009，16，3： | 1 |
| 8 | Cell-based influenza vaccines:progress to date显示文摘 | Audsley J M Tannock G A | 2008 | Drugs2008，68，11： | 1 |
| 9 | On fixed priority scheduling, offsets and coprime task periods显示文摘 | Audsley N C Burns A | 1998 | Information Processing Letters1998，67，2： | 1 |
| 10 | An arable farm model to evaluate the com-mercial viability of new machines or techniques显示文摘 | Audsley E | 1981 | Agricultural Engineering Research1981，，26： | 1 |
| 11 | Applying New Scheduling Theory to Static Priority Pre-emp- tive Scheduling显示文摘 | AUDSLEY N BURNS A RICHARDON M | 1993 | Software Engineering Journal1993，，9： | 1 |
| 12 | Reverse genetic analysis of a putative, influenza virus M2 HXXXW-like motif in the p7 protein of hepatitis C virus显示文摘 | Meshkat Z Audsley M Beyer C | 2009 | Viral Hepat2009，16，3： | 1 |
| 13 | The growth of attenuated influenza vac- cine donor strains in continuous cell lines 显示文摘 | Audsley JM Tannock GA | 2005 | Journal of Virological Methods2005，123，2： | 1 |
| 14 | What is the potential for reducing national greenhouse gas emissions from crop and livestock production systems显示文摘 | Audsley E Wilkinson M | 2014 | Journal of Cleaner Production2014，73，： | 1 |
| 15 | Deadline monotonic scheduling theory and application 显示文摘 | Audsley C N Burns A Wellings J A | 1993 | Control Engineering Practice1993，1，1： | 1 |
| 16 | Applying new scheduling theory to static priority preemptive scheduling显示文摘 | Audsley N Bums A Richardson M | 1993 | Software Engineering Journal1993，8，5： | 1 |
| 17 | A two-stage stochastic programming with recourse model for determining robust planting plans in horticulture显示文摘 | Darby D K Barker S Audsley E | 2000 | Journal of the Operational Research Society2000，51，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Alanine substitution and deletion analogues of Manduca sexta allato- statin: Structure-activity relationship on the spontaneous con- tractions of the foregut of larval Lacanobia oleracea显示文摘 | MATTHEWS H J AUDSLEY N WEAVER R J | 2006 | J In- sect Physiol2006，52，： | 1 |
| 19 | Reverse genetic anaIysis of a putative, influenza virus M2 HXXXW- like motif in the p7 protein of hepatitis C virus显示文摘 | Meshkat Z Audsley M Beyer C | 2009 | J Viral Hepat2009，16，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Applying New Scheduling Theory to Static Priority Preemptive Scheduling显示文摘 | Audsley N Burns A Richardson M | 1993 | Software Engineering Journal1993，8，5： | 1 |
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